标题 | 中国劳动力市场分割的时空演化 |
范文 | 韩帅帅 孙斌栋 摘 要:地区分割会破坏统一的劳动力市场,不利于人力资源的流动和规模效应的发挥。鉴于以往研究缺乏对21世纪以来劳动力市场分割态势和空间格局差异的分析,本文利用2004—2014年19个行业在岗职工平均工资数据,采用相对价格法构造劳动力市场的分割指数,并通过面板固定效应模型探究其影响因素,结果显示:中国的劳动力市场分割经历了“在波动中趋于整合”的过程;地区间分割程度差异明显,从东部向中西部地区逐渐增强,南北从差异不明显逐渐演变为从南向北逐渐减小;从影响因素来看,以政府财政支出为代表的制度因素和外贸出口起到了推动劳动力市场整合、提高区域一体化的作用,而地区间经济发展差距、市场规模和外贸进口则在客观上加剧了劳动力市场的分割程度。研究为探究劳动力市场一体化的影响因素和制定区域经济一体化政策奠定了基础。 关键词:劳动力市场分割;相对价格方差;市场一体化;区域差异;固定效应 中图分类号:F241 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4149(2019)02-0092-13DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2019.02.008 Spatial-temporal Evolution of Chinas Labor Market Segmentation HAN Shuaishuai ,3,SUN Bindong ,3 (1. Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai? 200062, China; 2. School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; 3. Future City Lab, East China Nornal University, Shanghai 200241, China) Abstract:Market segmentation will undermine the unified labor market, which is not conducive to the flow of human resources and the effects of scale economies. Based on the average wage data of employees in 19 industries from 2004 to 2014 in China, this paper constructs the labor market segmentation index by using the relative price method and analyzes the influencing factors through the fixed effect model. The results show as follows: 1) Chinas labor market segmentation has experienced a process of “volatility tends to integrate”. 2) There were obvious differences in the degree of division between regions, which gradually increased from the east to the central and western regions, and gradually decreased from the north to the south from the non-obvious differences. 3)Judging from the influencing factors, the institutional factors represented by government fiscal expenditure and the export of foreign trade have played roles in promoting integration of labor market and region. However, the gap among the regional economic level, the market size and the import of foreign trade has exacerbated regional the labor market segmentation objectively. The study lays the foundation for exploring the factors influencing the labor market integration and formulating the policy of regional economic integration. Keywords:labor market segmentation;relative price variance;market integration;the regional difference;fixed effects 一、引言 2015年中國农村向城市的人口迁移规模达到2.8亿[1],过去30年劳动力流动对中国GDP的贡献超过20%[2]。但是,大规模的劳动力流动并不意味着劳动力市场已经实现一体化,流动人口在流入地的收入水平、就业机会和享受的公共服务等还处于较低水平。随着城乡一体化进程的快速推进和户籍制度的不断完善,中国劳动力市场分割的主要形式已经由限入限出的硬性壁垒逐步转变为地域歧视、部门分割等无形措施。越来越多的证据表明,中国的劳动力市场分割在时空上呈现两个明显特征:时间维度上,虽然学者对于国内市场分割程度是趋于上升还是趋于下降存在争议,但一个普遍接受的观点是,中国的市场分割与地方保护依然非常严重;空间维度看,中国各省和各区域之间的分割程度差异较大,从东部沿海向西北内陆逐渐增强[3-5]。经过持续多年的经济高速增长,在当前市场经济条件下,我国的劳动力市场分割是趋于收敛还是发散?这是需要回答的第一个问题。 |
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