| 标题 | 短文改错分步练，高考多拿三五分 |
| 范文 | 蔡映桃 笔者对部分低分学生，即在全区统考中短文改错的得分低于3分的考生，就短文改错做题情况进行访谈，了解到这部分考生是语法基础较差，看不出错误。也有人反映，原来老师要求背诵“动词形，名词数，还要注意形和副，连、介、代、冠常光顾，必须记牢固”，但当他们做题时，要一下子同时注意八个方面，简直就是难如登天。 如果我们把任务拆分，每一次阅读有选择地注意一两项语法考点，将问题分批处理，分步进行，不但有利于考生集中精神运用一两项相关语法知识，也易于发现该方面的错误。 笔者选取本人任教的30名低分学生参与以下短文改错五步法的实验，要求学生在平时训练时每次只关注一两个考点。以2018年全国I卷的短文改错为例，说明具体做法： 第一步：通读全文，关注动词与介词。 用铅笔划出所有的动词，包括谓语动词和非谓语动词，以及与动词相连的介词（如果有介词的话，注意动介搭配是否正确）。注意时态、语态、主谓一致以及非谓语动词与所修饰的词之间的关系是主动、被动，还是表目的。 During my last winter holiday， I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there， they were living in a small house with dogs， ducks， and another animals. Last winter when I went here again， they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip， I told my father that I planned to return for every two years， but he agreed. 容易發现以下两处错误： （1）find与前后句的谓语动词went时态不一致，将find改为found; （2）介词by后的sell是原形，应改为selling。 第二步：通读全文，关注名词。 用铅笔划出所有的名词，包括相连的介词和相连的修饰语（不定代词或冠词）。注意名词的单复数;如果名词后有介词，注意名词与介词的搭配是否正确;如果名词前有冠词，注意其后的“（形容词+）名词”是否以元音发音开头，以及注意该名词是特指还是泛指;如果名词前有不定代词或指示代词，注意其单复数、性别及前后逻辑所指关系等。 During my last winter holiday ， I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents . I find a big change there. The first time I went there， they were living in a small house with dogs ， ducks ， and another animals . Last winter when I went here again， they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken . They also had a small pond which they raised fish . My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish . I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip ， I told my father that I planned to return for every two years ， but he agreed. 容易发现以下四处错误： （1）countryside前少冠词，要加上the，这是习惯搭配; （2）复数名词animals前不可用another（另一个），根据语境和常识another应改为other（别的）; （3）chicken 因受dozens of修饰，应改为复数chickens。 （4）因every two years这类短语前通常不用介词，故应删除for。 第三步：通读全文，关注形容词和副词。 用铅笔划出所有的形容词和副词，注意形容词可修饰名词做定语，还可在句中做表语或补语;副词修饰动词、形容词或全句做状语;还要注意是否需要用比较级或者最高级。 During my last winter holiday， I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there， they were living in a small house with dogs， ducks， and another animals. Last winter when I went here again， they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip， I told my father that I planned to return for every two years， but he agreed. 容易发现以下两种处错： （1）因作者去农村看望爷爷是上个寒假了，也就是早就回来了，应当是“去那里”而非“去这里”，故将I went here again中的here改为there。 （2）因文中felt是系動词，其后应接形容词做表语，故将happily改为happy。 第四步：通读全文，关注连词。 用铅笔划出所有的连词，包括连接单词、短语或句子的连词。注意定语从句中连词所做的成分，注意翻译前后句子并判断前后句之间是顺连还是转折，注意该连词的意思是否符合逻辑。 During my last winter holiday， I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there， they were living in a small house with dogs， ducks， and another animals. Last winter when I went here again， they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip， I told my father that I planned to return for every two years， but he agreed. 容易发现以下两处错误： （1）因小池塘应是养鱼的地方，即they raised fish中缺地点状语，故改which为where，引导定语从句。当然，也可在which前加介词in，相当于they raised fish in the pond。 （2）“我告诉父亲我计划每两年回一次”与“他同意了”是顺承关系，而非转折关系，故改but为and。 第五步：默读全文，关注逻辑。 通过语感和全文大意，看看是否还能找出一些逻辑不通顺或不顺眼的地方。2018年全国Ⅰ卷答案如下： During my last winter holiday， I went to ∧countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. The first time I went there， they were living in a small house with dogs， ducks， and another animals. Last winter when I went here again， they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond∧which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip， I told my father that I planned to return for every two years， but he agreed. 当然，所有的方法都需要经过一定的训练时间和一定的量才显成效。所以参加训练实验的考生每天一篇，仅经过30天的训练之后，在11月的期中考试中，所有参加五步法训练的考生都提高了1～3分，他们自己也说，五步法效果好。 当学生在短文改错中实施有意注意（选择性注意）训练一段时间，对五步法的操作自然进入了熟练和系统化，之后，他们遇到短文改错的时候就会自动转换成有意注意，也就是说，他们以后每次看到短文改错就自然而然地往各类型考点方向去考虑，届时就无需再分五步或者阅读五次了。这种训练在一定程度上有助于巩固学生的语法基础，并有助于减少其书面表达的语法错误，提高他们在英语写作上的纠错能力，继而也会在一定程度上促进他们的英语写作。 注：该论文为广州市教育科学“十二五”规划2015年度立项课题（“背诵输入前提下运用paraphrase促进高中生英语写作的行动研究”，编号：1201542919）的论文成果之一。 责任编辑 蒋小青 |
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