| 单词 | pain |
| 释义 | pain noun¹ 1physical pain身体疼痛adjective | ... of pain | verb + pain | pain + verb | pain + noun | preposition | phrases adjective➤acute, agonizing, awful, blinding, excruciating, extreme, great, immense, intense, severe, terrible, unbearable, unimaginable剧痛；折磨人的痛；钻心的痛；无法忍受的痛➤aching, burning, cramping, numbing, piercing, searing, sharp, shooting, stabbing, stinging, throbbing酸痛；灼痛；绞痛；痛得发麻；刺痛；剧痛；抽痛◆she had a burning pain in one eye.她的一只眼睛有灼痛感。➤dull, little, mild, slight隐隐的疼痛；轻微的疼痛➤debilitating让人虚弱的疼痛➤chronic, constant, nagging, persistent长期的／持续的／难以消除的／持久的疼痛➤sudden突然发作的疼痛➤intermittent间歇的疼痛➤recurrent反复发作的疼痛➤bodily, physical肉体上的痛苦➤abdominal, back, chest, joint, leg, muscle, pelvic, shoulder, stomach腹痛；背疼；胸痛；关节疼；腿疼；肌肉痛；盆腔痛；肩膀痛；胃痛◆she's been in bed with back pain.她因后背痛而一直卧床。◆he went to the doctor with chest pains.他胸部疼痛，去看医生了。➤menstrual, period (especially bre) 痛经➤arthritis关节炎疼痛➤labor pain, labour/labor pains (bre, name) 分娩时的阵痛➤growing pains发育期痛➤phantom幻觉痛◆the phantom pain of a lost limb失去的肢体的幻觉疼痛... of pain➤spasm, stab一阵抽痛；一阵突然的剧痛verb + pain➤be in, be racked with, experience, feel, get, go through, have, suffer, suffer from疼痛；受疼痛折磨；感到疼痛；经受疼痛◆he was obviously in a great deal of pain.他显然疼得很厉害。◆can you feel any pain?你能感觉到痛吗？◆marathon runners are used to going through pain.马拉松选手已习惯了疼痛。◆he was taken to the hospital suffering from severe abdominal pain.他因腹部剧痛被送到医院。➤cause, give sb, inflict引起／令某人／使遭受疼痛◆his back gives him a lot of pain.他的背痛得厉害。◆it's wrong to inflict pain on any animal.伤害任何动物都是不道德的。➤aggravate, exacerbate, increase, make worse使疼痛加剧➤alleviate, block out, deaden, dull, ease, help, kill, lessen, numb, reduce, relieve, soothe, stop减轻疼痛；抑制疼痛；镇痛；止痛◆these pills should ease the pain.这些药丸应该会缓解疼痛。➤control, manage抑制疼痛◆the treatments helped manage his pain.这些治疗有助于帮他止痛。➤minimize尽可能减少疼痛➤treat治疗疼痛◆doctors used to treat back pain with rest.医生们过去让病人静养来治疗背痛。➤bear, endure, put up with, stand, take, withstand忍受疼痛➤ignore忽视疼痛➤cry out in, cry with, groan with, scream with痛得喊出来；痛得呻吟；疼得尖叫➤be contorted with, contort in因疼痛而扭曲◆his face was contorted with pain as he crossed the finish line.冲过终点线时，他疼得脸都变了形。pain + verb➤begin, come, occur, start疼痛开始发作◆the pains began shortly after she started work as a gardener.她当上园丁不久，疼痛就开始了。➤erupt, flare, flare up疼痛发作➤hit sb/sth, strike sb/sth疼痛袭击⋯◆a sharp pain hit the middle of my chest and i collapsed.我的胸部正中一阵剧痛，然后我便晕倒了。➤course through sb/sth, flash through sth, flood sth, lance through sb/sth (literary, especially name) , radiate from sth to sth, rip through sb/sth, rush through sb/sth, rush up sb/sth, sear through sb/sth, shoot through sth, shoot up sth, stab sb/sth, surge through sb/sth, sweep over sb/sth, sweep through sb/sth, tear through sb/sth, throb, wash over sb疼痛经过⋯；疼痛掠过⋯；疼痛传到⋯；疼痛从⋯传到⋯；疼痛涌到⋯；抽痛；疼痛遍及⋯◆a sharp pain shot up his leg.他的腿上一阵剧痛。➤overwhelm sb, wrack sb/sth疼痛压倒⋯／使⋯垮掉◆pain wracked her frail body once more.疼痛再次击垮了她虚弱的身体。➤grow stronger, increase, intensify, worsen疼痛变得强烈；疼痛加剧➤disappear, ease, fade, go, recede, stop, subside疼痛消失；疼痛停止；疼痛慢慢消退◆has the pain gone yet?疼痛已经消失了吗？➤persist疼痛不止◆if the pain persists, see your doctor.如果还是疼的话，就去看医生。➤come back, return疼痛重新开始pain + noun➤control, management, relief止痛；疼痛治疗➤killer (usually painkiller) , medication, medicine, pill, reliever止痛药➤sufferer疼痛患者➤symptoms疼痛症状➤specialist疼痛治疗专家➤clinic疼痛门诊➤threshold, tolerance痛阈；疼痛耐受力➤level疼痛程度➤intensity, severity疼痛强度➤sensation痛觉preposition➤pain in⋯处的痛◆a pain in her side她身体一侧的疼痛phrases➤aches and pains疼痛◆eucalyptus oil is good for easing muscular aches and pains.桉树油可以很好地缓解肌肉的疼痛。➤a cry of pain疼痛的大叫➤a threshold for pain, a threshold of pain痛觉阈；痛点◆i have a very low threshold for pain.我这人痛点很低。pain noun² 2unhappiness不愉快adjective | verb + pain | phrases adjective➤great, immense, intense, terrible非常痛苦➤numbing使人麻木的疼痛➤indescribable, unspeakable难言之痛➤emotional感情上的苦痛verb + pain➤cause (sb), give sb, inflict引起（某人）／令某人／使遭受痛苦◆through her drug addiction she had inflicted a lot of pain on the family.因吸毒上瘾，她给家庭带来了巨大的痛苦。➤feel, go through感到／遭受痛苦➤know知道痛苦◆she knew the pain of separation.她知道分离的痛苦。➤get over从痛苦中恢复过来◆it took him several years to get over the pain of losing his job.他花了好几年时间才摆脱失去工作的苦痛。➤dull, ease, lessen, numb减轻悲痛➤heal治愈痛苦◆nothing could heal the pain of her son's death.没有什么能治好儿子去世带给她的痛苦。➤spare sb使某人免遭痛苦◆we hoped to spare her the pain of having to meet her attacker.为了不让她感到痛苦，我们希望能够避免让她见到攻击她的人。➤express表达痛苦➤share分担痛苦◆it was lovely to have someone there to share both the pain and the joy.有人分享欢乐、分担痛苦，真好。➤conceal, hide, mask掩饰痛苦◆he tried to conceal his pain from her.他尽力不让她知道自己的痛苦。➤forget忘记痛苦◆for a few moments she forgot the pain he had caused her.有那么一会儿她忘了他给她造成的痛苦。➤bear, endure, withstand承受痛苦➤relive再遭痛苦◆i don't want to relive the pain of losing her.我不想再次遭受失去她的痛苦。➤sense感觉到疼痛◆i could sense her pain and put my arm around her.我能感觉到她的痛苦，于是伸出一只胳膊搂着她。➤prolong延长痛苦phrases➤the pain etched on sb's face刻在某人脸上的痛苦◆ellen saw the pain etched on his face when he mentioned his ex-wife's name.埃伦提到他前妻的名字时，能看见刻在他脸上的痛苦。pain nounpain ♦︎ ache ♦︎ suffering ♦︎ discomfort ♦︎ agonythese are all words for the feelings that you have in your body when you have been hurt or when you are ill.这些词均表示疼痛。synonym scale 词义标尺下图显示这些词所表达疼痛的程度discomfort ○ pain ○ ache ○ suffering ○ agonypatterns and collocations 句型和搭配◆in pain / discomfort / agony◆(a) back / stomach pain / ache◆to cause pain / suffering / discomfort◆to inflict pain / suffering◆to suffer pain / discomfort / agony◆to relieve / ease the pain / suffering / discomfort / agony■ pain [uncountable, countable] the feelings that you have in your body when you have been hurt or when you are ill（身体上的）疼痛◆she was clearly in a lot of pain.她显然疼痛万分。◆he felt a sharp pain in his knee.他感到膝盖一阵剧痛。◆he went to the doctor with chest pains.他胸口痛，去看了医生。◆the booklet contains information on pain relief during labour.这本小册子介绍了减轻分娩疼痛的知识。ⓘ pain can also be a mental feeling. * pain 也可以指精神上的痛苦。 ➡ see also pain → distress noun , pain → hurt verb 1 ■ ache /eɪk/ [countable] a continuous feeling of pain in a part of the body（身体部位持续的）疼痛◆you get more aches and pains as you get older.人老了就常常会这儿疼那儿疼的。ⓘ ache is often used in compounds. * ache 常用于构成复合词◆mummy, i've got a tummy ache.妈妈，我肚子疼。◆to have a stomach ache / headache / backache / toothache胃痛；头疼；背疼；牙疼in british english, some of these compounds can be uncountable.在英式英语中，这些复合词中有些可以作不可数名词 [uncountable] ◆ (bre) to have backache / toothache背疼；牙疼 ➡ see also ache → hurt verb 2 ■ suffering [uncountable, plural] physical pain, especially when it affects the whole body and continues for a long time（尤指全身的、持续时间长的）疼痛，痛苦◆death finally brought an end to her suffering.死亡终于结束了她的痛苦。◆the hospice aims to ease the sufferings of the dying.临终关怀医院旨在减轻临终者的痛苦。ⓘ suffering can also be emotional pain. * suffering 也可以指情感上的痛苦。 ➡ see also suffering → distress ▸ suffer verb [intransitive] ◆i hate to see animals suffering.我不忍心看动物受苦。■ discomfort /dɪskʌmfət; name dɪskʌmfərt/ [uncountable] (rather formal) a feeling of slight pain or of being physically uncomfortable轻微的病痛；不适◆you will experience some minor discomfort during the treatment.治疗中你会稍感不适。■ agony /ægəni/ [uncountable, countable] extreme physical pain（身体的）极度痛苦◆jack collapsed in agony on the floor.杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。◆the animal writhed in its death agonies.那动物快死了，痛苦地扭动着。ⓘ agony can also be emotional pain. * agony 也可以指情感上的痛苦。 ➡ see also agony → distress pain [uncountable] a feeling of great unhappiness caused by sth unpleasant that has happened to you or that sb has done or said痛苦；心灵受创◆the pain of separation remained intense.离别的痛苦依然很强烈。◆she had never meant to cause him any pain.她从不想伤害他的感情。ⓘ pain can also be a physical feeling. * pain 也可指身体上的疼痛。 ➡ see also pain → pain opp pleasure → fun , pleasure → pleasure ➡ see also pain → hurt verb 1 , painful → painful 2 pain [countable, usually singular] (informal, disapproving) a person, thing or situation that is very annoying讨厌的人（或事）；令人头痛的人（或事）◆she can be a real pain when she's in a bad mood.她情绪不好时，真是令人头痛。◆it's a pain having to go all that way for just one meeting.只为了见一次面，要跑那么远的路，真烦死人了。◆that man's a pain in the neck!那个男人太讨厌了！pain [uncountable, countable] the feelings that you have in your body when you have been hurt or when you are ill（身体上的）疼痛◆she was clearly in a lot of pain.她显然疼痛万分。◆he felt a sharp pain in his knee.他感到膝盖一阵剧痛。◆he went to the doctor with chest pains.他胸口痛，去看了医生。◆the booklet contains information on pain relief during labour.这本小册子介绍了减轻分娩疼痛的知识。ⓘ pain can also be a mental feeling. * pain 也可以指精神上的痛苦。 ➡ see also pain → distress noun , pain → hurt verb 1 pain¹/peɪn ||; pen/noun1. [c,u] the unpleasant feeling that you have when a part of your body has been hurt or when you are ill 痛；疼: ◇to be in pain 感到疼痛◇he screamed with pain. 他痛得尖叫起来。◇chest pains 胸口疼痛 ☞we use ache for a long, continuous pain and pain for sudden, short, sharp periods of pain. therefore we usually say i've got earache/backache/toothache/a headache but he was admitted to hospital with pains in his chest.for the use of ‘a’ or ‘an’ with ache, look at the note at ache. 持久的痛叫做ache，突然间短促的剧痛叫做pain。因此通常说：i've got earache／backache／toothache／a headache.我耳痛╱背痛╱牙痛╱头痛。但要说：he was admitted to hospital with pains in his chest.他突然胸口痛而住院。有关ache跟a或an连用的问题，参看ache的注释。 2. [u] sadness that you feel because sth bad has happened 痛苦；悲痛: ◇the pain of losing a parent 丧父╱母之痛 be a pain (in the neck)(spoken 口语) a person, thing or situation that makes you angry or annoyed 恼人、烦人的人、事物或情况pain²/peɪn ||; pen/verb [t] (formal 正式) to make sb feel sad or upset 使痛苦；使难过: ◇ it pains me to think how much money we've wasted. 一想到我们浪费了多少钱，我心里就很难过。 pain1 pain2 when a part of your body feels painful3 to feel pain4 when something makes someone feel pain5 when there is no painrelated wordsto reduce pain 减轻痛苦 reduce (2),see alsohurt/injure,ill/sick,illness/disease,suffer,medical treatment,doctor,drug,1. pain 疼痛 pain /peɪn/ [countable/uncountable noun] the feeling you have when part of your body hurts 疼痛，疼 the pain is getting worse. 疼痛越来越剧烈。 you won't feel any pain during the operation. 手术过程中不会感到一丝疼痛。 he told the doctor he was suffering from chest pains. 他告诉医生说胸口痛。a pain in your chest/leg/back etc in college, durban began to suffer from headaches and pain in his arms and legs 上大学时，杜尔班开始头痛以及四肢疼痛。severe/excruciating pain very bad pain 剧痛 a slipped disc can cause severe back pain. 椎间盘滑脱会引起背部剧痛。ease the pain make you feel less pain 缓解疼痛 the drug is often used to ease the pain of dying cancer patients. 这种药经常用于缓解癌症患者临终前的疼痛。labor pains (american) / labour pains (british) before giving birth 分娩的阵痛 kerry had to drive herself to the hospital when the labor pains began. 分娩的阵痛开始出现，克丽不得不自己开车去医院。 ache /eɪk/ [countable noun] a pain that continues for a long time but is not very sharp ［持续时间长但不剧烈的］疼痛 the ache in my leg muscles had almost gone. 我腿部肌肉的疼痛差不多消失了。dull ache a continuous annoying ache 隐隐作痛 lisa felt a dull ache spreading up her arm. 莉萨感到整条手臂隐隐作痛。 headache/toothache/backache/stomach ache /ˈhedeɪk, ˈtuːθ-eɪk, ˈbækeɪk, ˈstʌmək eɪk/ [countable/uncountable noun] a continuous pain in a part of your body 头痛/牙痛/背痛/胃痛 have/get a headache i always get a headache when i've been using the computer. 我用电脑时总是会头痛。have toothache/backache/stomach ache british i'm not surprised you have stomach ache - you eat too fast. 你胃痛我并不奇怪—你吃得太快了。have a toothache/a backache/a stomach ache american i had a backache after fifteen minutes of shovelling snow. 铲了15分钟雪后我感到背痛。a splitting headache a very bad headache 剧烈的头痛 we were planning to go out last night, but marcia had a splitting headache. 昨晚我们打算外出，但马西娅头痛欲裂。 aches and pains /ˌeɪks ən ˈpeɪnz/ [noun phrase] many small pains which you feel at the same time, especially when you move, for example as the result of too much exercise or growing old 身上的多处疼痛［如因过量的运动或年老而引起］ grandma said that apart from a few aches and pains she was feeling quite well. 奶奶说，除了身上有几处疼痛之外，她感觉很好。 jenny ran slower and slower, complaining all the way of various aches and pains. 珍妮越跑越慢，一路上抱怨身上多处疼痛。 spasm /ˈspæzəm/ [countable noun] a sudden sharp pain which makes your body or part of your body shake uncontrollably for a short time 痉挛；抽搐 he lay on the ground, breathless and frightened, waiting for the next spasm. 他躺在地上，呼吸急促，内心恐惧，不知道接着什么时候又会抽搐起来。spasm of pain a spasm of pain twisted cheviot's face. 一阵抽痛使歇维尔的脸部扭曲了起来。muscle spasm the muscle spasms started in his lower left leg and spread upwards. 肌肉痉挛从他的左腿下方开始并向上蔓延。 twinge /twɪndʒ/ [countable noun] a sudden but not severe pain that comes and then disappears quickly 刺痛；阵痛 i'd had the odd twinge now and again, but my heart-attack was totally unexpected. 我有时感觉到一阵奇怪的刺痛，但从未料想会得心脏病。twinge of pain/rheumatism etc george felt a twinge of pain in his ankle from when he had slipped on the ice. 乔治在冰面上滑倒之后，就觉得脚踝有一阵刺痛感。2. when a part of your body feels painful 身体部位疼痛 painful /ˈpeɪnfəl/ [adjective] a part of your body that feels painful makes you feel pain 疼痛的 jim's knee was still painful where he had fallen on it. 吉姆摔倒时膝部着地的地方还在痛。 the child suffered painful stomach cramps and vomiting after drinking one of the contaminated drinks. 那个孩子喝了被污染的饮料便腹绞痛，还吐了。 sore /sɔːʳ/ [adjective] a part of your body that is sore hurts when you touch or use it, and is often red ［发炎］痛的 his eyes looked red and sore, as if he had been rubbing them. 他的双眼看上去又红又痛，好像他一直在揉似的。 martin was unable to score at all in the game, complaining of a sore knee. 马丁说膝部痛，比赛中根本无法得分。sore throat she missed more than ten performances that year due to a persistent sore throat and cough. 由于一直嗓子痛和咳嗽，那年她错过了十多场演出。 tender /ˈtendəʳ/ [adjective] a part of the body that is tender is painful when it is touched 一触即痛的 my mouth was tender and swollen where he had hit me. 我嘴上被他打过的地方一碰就痛，还肿了起来。 now i'm going to press down on several places around your knee, and you tell me when it feels tender. 现在我要按压你膝部周围的几处地方，哪里痛就告诉我。 hurt /hɜːʳt/ [intransitive verb] if a part of your body hurts, you feel pain in it, for example because you have hit it or cut it, or because you are ill 痛 my neck felt stiff and my shoulder hurt. 我的脖子感到僵硬而且肩膀痛。 i fell and banged my knee, and it really hurts. 我摔了一跤，撞伤了膝盖，痛得很。 ache /eɪk/ [intransitive verb] if a part of your body aches, you feel a pain in it that is continuous but not very strong - use this about pains in your arms, legs, or back, or in your head or stomach 痛；隐隐作痛［用于指手臂、腿、背、头或胃部的疼痛］ my arms ached from carrying all the groceries. 拿着那么多食品杂货，我的胳膊都痛了。 she felt hot and her head was beginning to ache. 她感觉很热，头开始痛起来。 i went to dance class last week, and i've been aching ever since. 上周我去上了舞蹈课，此后一直浑身疼痛。 sting /stɪŋ/ [intransitive verb] to hurt with a sudden sharp pain for a short time - use this about your eyes or your skin 刺痛［用于指眼睛或皮肤］ the smoke made our eyes sting. 烟雾使我两眼刺痛。 his cheek stung where his mother had slapped him. 他脸上被母亲扇过耳光的地方火辣辣的疼。 throb /θrɒbǁθrɑːb/ [intransitive verb] if a part of your body throbs you feel pain that seems to get stronger and weaker in a regular repeated pattern 抽痛 by late afternoon my head was throbbing, and i couldn't see straight. 到了下午晚些时候，我的头阵阵抽痛，而且看不清东西。 he limped heavily, nursing his throbbing ankle. 他跛得厉害，阵阵抽痛的脚踝还没康复。a throbbing pain i felt a throbbing pain in my left shin, and pulled up my trouser leg to see what was causing it. 我感到左胫部阵阵抽痛，于是撩起裤脚看看是怎么回事。3. to feel pain 感到痛 feel/have a pain in /ˌfiːl, ˌhæv ə ˈpeɪn ɪn/ [verb phrase not in progressive] to have a pain in a particular part of your body 有疼痛感 she came into casualty complaining that she had a pain in her side. 她走进急诊室，说胁部疼痛。 the next morning, after feeling a sharp pain in his fingers, gonzalez was treated for frostbite at city hospital. 第二天早上，冈萨雷斯觉得手指剧痛，便到市立医院去治疗冻伤。 be in pain /biː ɪn ˈpeɪn/ [verb phrase] to be experiencing a lot of pain 感到疼痛 young children cry if they are in pain, if they are hungry or if they are left alone. 年幼的儿童感到疼痛、饥饿或是孤独无伴时会哭。 someone was crying, as if they were in pain. 有人在哭，好像是处于痛苦之中。be in constant pain be in pain all the time 不断疼痛 some of these patients are very sick and in constant pain. 这些病人中有一些病得很厉害，一直受着疼痛的折磨。be in a lot of pain/be in great pain caroline's been in a lot of pain since the operation. 手术后，卡罗琳一直经受着剧痛。 be in agony /biː ɪn ˈægəni/ [verb phrase] to feel a lot of very severe pain 感到剧痛 he was in agony. we had to carry him up the stairs. 他痛得很厉害。我们不得不把他抬到楼上。 my mother lived for four more days, but she was in agony. 母亲多活了四天，但她承受了剧痛。4. when something makes someone feel pain 某物使某人感到疼痛 hurt /hɜːʳt/ [intransitive/transitive verb] if something or someone hurts you, they make you feel pain 痛；弄痛 did it hurt when they stuck the needle in? 他们把针扎进去的时候痛吗？ stop it - you're hurting me. 住手—你弄痛我了。 sting /stɪŋ/ [intransitive/transitive verb] to cause a sudden sharp pain on your skin or in your eyes for a short time ［皮肤或眼睛］刺痛 the antiseptic might sting a little. 这杀菌剂可能会引起一点刺痛感。 the smoke stung my eyes. 烟雾刺痛了我的双眼。 irritate /ˈɪrɪteɪt, ˈɪrəteɪt/ [transitive verb] if a substance irritates a part of your body, especially your eyes or your skin, it makes it become sore 使疼痛［尤指眼睛或皮肤］ the pollen irritated my eyes, which were red and streaming with tears. 花粉使我的双眼发痛、发红，泪流不止。 nineteen percent of women will still use a beauty product, even if it irritates their skin. 百分之十九的女性使用一种化妆品后，即使皮肤刺痛还会继续使用。 irritation /ˌɪrɪˈteɪʃən, ˌɪrəˈteɪʃən/ [uncountable noun] stop using the cream immediately if it causes irritation. 如果引起皮肤刺痛，请立即停止使用该乳霜。 agonizing/excruciating /ˈægənaɪzɪŋ, ɪkˈskruːʃieɪtɪŋ/ [adjective] if pain or a particular movement is agonizing or excruciating, it is extremely strong so that you are almost unable to move or do something 造成剧痛的 the pain moved to my elbow, and it became agonizing to even lift my arm. 疼痛转移到了我的肘部，就连抬一下胳膊都痛得受不了。 the excruciating pain in his kidneys made him gasp. 肾脏的剧痛使他直喘气。 be agony /biː ˈægəni/ [verb phrase] especially british, informal if something you do or something someone does to you is agony, it hurts a lot 【尤英，非正式】痛极了 it was agony having my tooth removed - i don't think the dentist knew what he was doing. 拔牙痛极了—我觉得那个牙医不知道自己干了些什么。 climbing five flights of stairs with all those bags was absolute bloody agony. 拿着那么多行李走五段楼梯绝对是很痛苦的事。5. when there is no pain 不痛 not hurt /nɒt ˈhɜːʳt/ [verb phrase] if something does not hurt, it is not painful 不痛 i twisted my ankle a little, but it doesn't hurt. 我扭了一下脚踝，但是不痛。 don't worry - it's a very quick procedure and it won't hurt. 别担心——疗程很快就完成，不痛的。 painless /ˈpeɪnləs/ [adjective] something that is painless does not hurt - use this especially when someone is worried that it might hurt 无痛的［尤用于别人担心可能会痛时］ the operation is simple and painless. 这种手术很简单，而且不痛。 not feel a thing /nɒt ˌfiːl ə ˈθɪŋ/ [verb phrase] spoken to not feel any pain at all 【口】一点不痛 don't worry about the injection - you won't feel a thing. 不要怕打针—一点都不痛的。 the guys who were fighting were so drunk, i'm sure they didn't feel a thing. 打架的那些家伙醉得很厉害，我敢肯定他们感觉不到一点痛。☞ pain¹☞ pain² |
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