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标题 锂离子电池硅/碳负极材料的制备与应用
范文 刘旭燕 朱新杰 陆友才 潘登



摘要:
对锂离子电池中硅/碳负极材料的纳米结构、掺杂改性以及三元复合等制备工艺及其电化学性能、相关机理进行了总结。通过研究不同改性方法对硅/碳负极材料电化学性能的影响,以找到较为优异的改性路径。经过对比发现,通过采用纳米结构、原子掺杂以及三元复合的方法均可显著提升硅/碳负极材料的电化学性能。最后对硅/碳负极材料发展现状进行了简要分析,并对其研究前景进行了展望。
关键词:
锂离子电池; 硅/碳负极; 纳米化; 改性
中图分类号: TQ 152 文献标志码: A
Preparation and Application of Silicon/carbon Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries
LIU Xuyan, ZHU Xinjie, LU Youcai, PAN Deng
(School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China)
Abstract:
The electrochemical properties of silicon/carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries with nanostructures,doping modification and ternary composites and the relevant mechanism are summarized in this paper.In orde to find out better modification methods for silicon/carbon anodes,the influence of various ways on their electrochemical performance are also investigated in detail.Besides,it is found that modification methods such as using nanostructures,heteroatom doping and ternary compound methods can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of silicon/carbon anode materials.In addition,the current development situation of the silicon/carbon anode materials is briefly analyzed and the research prospects are also discussed.
Keywords:
lithium-ion batteries; silicon/carbon anodes; nanostructures; modification
鋰离子电池因其具有较高的容量和稳定的循环寿命,被认为是满足便携式电子器件、电动及混合动力汽车日益增加的能源需求的新型电源[1-4]。在不同负极材料中,硅的理论比容量(最高可达4 200 mA·h·g-1)是传统碳负极材料理论比容量(约372 mA·h g-1)的10倍,且硅较低的脱嵌锂电位(<0.5 V vs.Li/Li+)使得锂离子电池能获得更高的功率[5]。但是,硅负极材料具有较低的导电性,且在充放电过程中存在严重的体积膨胀问题,导致活性材料的损耗和短暂的循环寿命,故硅负极材料在锂电池中的应用并不可观[6]。纳米管、纳米线、纳米棒、纳米片、多孔、中空或带防护涂层的封装硅颗粒等结构,通常用于改善硅负极材料的结构以及其电化学性能[7-8]。另外,制备这些纳米结构的方法(如气液固法,磁控溅射)都有技术复杂和步骤多等缺点[9-10]。因为石墨和多孔碳在锂化过程中体积变化相对较小(如石墨的体积膨胀率仅为10.6%),且具有良好的循环稳定性和电导率,而成为极具潜力的负极材料。与硅材料相比,碳材料具有与其相似的性质,且它们可以紧密结合,所以碳材料自然地被选为用于分散硅颗粒的衬底材料(即分散载体)[11-12]。通过硅/碳复合,锂离子电池可获得更高的比容量、更好的导电性与循环稳定性[13]。
本文主要总结了多种锂离子电池硅/碳负极材料的合成方法、结构和电化学性能,综述了硅/碳负极材料的研究现状。
1 硅/碳负极材料的合成方法
1.1 气相沉积法
气相沉积法包括化学气相沉积法(CVD法)和物理气相沉积法(PVD法)。CVD法是一种用于生产高质量、高性能的固体材料的化学方法,通常应用于半导体领域的薄膜制造。PVD法是一种真空沉积法,可以用来制作薄膜和涂层。PVD法中,材料经历了凝聚态转变为气态,然后再转变为凝聚态薄膜的变化过程。PVD法最常用到的处理方法是溅射和蒸发。PVD法常用于制造具有力学、光学、化学或电学性能的薄膜[14]。
1.2 高温固相合成法
高温固相合成是一种在高温(1 000~1 500 ℃)下,通过固体界面之间的接触、反应、成核和晶体生长反应生成大量的复合氧化物的方法。高温固相合成是制备硅/碳负极材料的一种常用方法,为了防止惰性相硅/碳的生成,反应温度通常控制在1 200 ℃[15]。在反应过程中,升温速率、反应前驱物的选择和反应温度将直接影响材料的结构和性能。高温固相合成技术因工艺简单,工艺参数易于控制,重现性好而被广泛应用。
1.3 机械合金化法
机械合金化是一种固态粉末加工技术,是通过采用重复冷焊、压裂和在高能球磨机中重新焊接混合粉末粒子,得到均匀材料的一种方法,已被证明能够从混合元素或预合金粉末中合成各种平衡和非平衡合金相[16]。
与高温固相合成法相反,机械合金化法制备的材料通常具有更小的粒度,更大的比表面积和更均匀的组织[17]。
1.4 静电纺丝法
静电纺丝技术融合了电喷涂和传统的溶液干法纺丝纤维的优点[18],纤维直径一般为几百纳米。静电纺丝过程不需要使用化学凝固或高温从溶液中产生纺丝,这使得该工艺特别适用于生产大而复杂的微粒纤维[19-20]。静电纺丝法可利用各种材料制备纳米纤维,是一种低成本、工艺简单的通用方法。同轴静电纺丝法是一种改进的静电纺丝技术,可制备纳米管和核壳结构纳米纤维[21]。
2 硅/碳负极材料的结构
碳纳米材料因其具有独特的性能,而应用在轻量化构造、电子、能源、环保、医药等领域[22-23]。纳米材料的物理和化学性能与普通材料的物理、化学性能不同,甚至更优于普通材料,这些优异的性能通常由材料组织的微结构决定[24-25]。碳材料因其具有良好的力学性能,高导电性和化学稳定性,在无黏结剂电极和轻质电极研究领域备受关注。近年来,纳米线、纳米纤维、纳米管、纳米球等硅/碳纳米结构经常被应用于锂离子电池中。
2.1 硅/碳纳米线
纳米线是纳米级应用的一种,产业化的纳米线直径分布在50~100 nm[26]。图1为硅/碳核壳纳米线的SEM形貌。将非晶硅包覆在碳纳米线上制备的硅/碳核壳纳米线材料[27]可制作高功率和长寿命的锂电池负极,其容量可达2 000 mA·h·g-1,且具有良好的循环寿命。该材料初始库伦效率为90.0%,随后周期的库伦效率仍高达98.0%~99.6%。研究发现,均匀和完整的碳涂层可以缓解硅纳米线完全锂化产生的膨胀。催化生长的碳纳米纤维的应用已经有十几年,碳纳米纤维已经产业化,其优点是强度较高,导热性和导电性好[28-29]。混合纳米结构硅/碳纳米纤维负极在比容量和循环寿命方面表现出优越的性能。碳纳米纤维不仅提供了良好的应变/应力松弛层,而且还提供了电子的传输路径[30-31]。
图1 硅/碳核壳纳米线的SEM形貌[27]
Fig.1 SEM image of Si/C NWs after 5 cycles[27]
2.2 硅/碳納米纤维
Shu等[32]利用CVD法研制了空心硅/碳纳米纤维复合材料,所得的负极材料具有优异的倍率特性。在0.6 C(C为倍率)下,硅/碳纳米纤维电极的初始放/充电容量分别为1 197.8和941.4 mA·h·g-1,循环20个周期后的可逆充电容量为733.9 mA·h·g-1,其容量保持率高达77.9%。硅/碳纳米纤维负极材料具有优异的电化学性能,既可以为硅颗粒之间提供导电桥和集电器,也可以为抑制硅颗粒体积膨胀而提供缓冲区。
2.3 硅/碳纳米管
近年,基于碳纳米管的锂电池负极材料的制备是
图2 纯硅与硅/碳纳米纤维循环前后电极结构比较[32]
Fig.2 Comparison of pure Si and Si/CNFs electrodes before and after cycling[32]
业内的研究热点之一[33]。以往使硅与碳纳米管外表面产生电子连接的研究,主要集中在通过简单的机械混合、碳纳米管在硅材料上的生长、碳纳米管表面硅原子的植入或者在碳纳米管薄膜上沉积硅以形成硅/碳纳米管薄膜等方面。但是,由于硅颗粒的不均匀分布,碳纳米管的约束能力不强,导致硅在纳米空间内并没有被碳纳米管网络充分约束[34]。Zhao等[35]采用CVD法原位合成了一种硅/非晶碳纳米管核壳复合负极材料。在100 mA·g-1下,该电极容量可达1 496 mA·h·g-1,在300个循环周期后仍有80%容量保持率,具有良好的循环稳定性。
图3 不同尺寸的硅/非晶碳纳米管复合材料的TEM图[35]
Fig.3 TEM images of different microstructure size of the Si/ACNT composite [35]
2.4 硅/碳纳米球
碳纳米球由石墨结构中分布不连续的玻璃态石墨层组成[36]。由于碳纳米球具有高比表面积,良好的化学稳定性和热稳定性等特性,可以用于制备高强度高密度的碳/碳复合材料、高效液相色谱柱、高比表面积活性碳材料、锂电池负极材料以及一系列高性能碳材料。碳纳米球具有很强的吸附能力,可以重复利用[37-38]。
图4 化学还原后及未进行化学还原的不同尺寸下的硅/碳复合材料的TEM图[39]
Fig.4 TEM images of different microstructure size of Si/C nanospheres composite[39]
Zhou等[39]用简单的化学方法制备了硅/碳纳米球。通过热处理,硅颗粒被非晶碳包覆,从而抑制了原始硅的集聚,缓解了硅在循环过程中巨大的体积膨胀。在200 mA·g-1下,该材料的初始可逆容量为888.6 mA·h·g-1。在50次循环后,电极的充电容量仍有610.7 mA·h·g-1。在锂化过程中,硅/碳纳米球能有效地缓冲硅纳米颗粒的体积膨胀/收缩,具有优异的电化学性能和循环稳定性。
3 掺杂型硅/碳负极材料
在掺杂型硅/碳负极材料中,硅和碳紧密地结合形成了一个稳定均匀的系统。在充放电过程中,硅原子是电化学反应的活性中心,碳原子是锂化的载体。另外,碳载体还可作为电子传输通道和支撑的结构体。
3.1 氮掺杂型硅/碳负极材料
由于氮掺杂所造成的缺陷,氮掺杂的碳具有较高的导电性和电化学活性,并有助于界面中锂离子的传输[40]。氮掺杂层可以防止电极材料与电解液的直接接触,且可提高复合材料和锂离子在电极和电解液界面上的传输速率[41]。氮掺杂的碳涂层在促进和保持稳定的SEI层中提供了一个有效的电子传输途径,促进了脱嵌锂化反应[42]。此外,研究发现掺杂氮的碳涂层比原始碳涂层有着更高的导电性和锂离子迁移率[43-44]。
Shen等[45]用离子液体辅助制备的硅/氮掺杂碳纳米颗粒与硅/碳纳米颗粒进行比较。在420 mA·g-1下,经过100次循环后,所制备的硅/氮掺杂碳复合材料表现出较高的可逆容量,约为725 mA·h·g-1,是同种方法制备的硅/碳材料的两倍(360 mA·h·g-1)。该材料电化学性能的改善得益于纳米复合材料稳定的核壳结构,更重要的是氮掺杂到碳壳中。包覆的氮掺杂碳层不仅改善了材料的导电性,且缓解了锂化过程体积膨胀产生的应力。
图5 不同电流密度下,硅/氮掺杂碳,硅/碳和硅纳米颗粒的循环性能[45]
Fig.5 Cycling performance and rate capability of Si/N-C,Si/C and Si nanoparticles at different current density[45]
3.2 硅/碳/石墨負极材料
硅负极材料最大的缺陷是当硅最大锂化时,其体积膨胀率高达300%[46]。减少硅体积膨胀效应,并充分利用硅超高可逆容量的一种方法是将石墨与其结合[47]。石墨因其良好的稳定性、低成本、低工作电压等优点成为了新型复合负极材料的理想选择[48]。石墨、碳和硅复合材料可提供可观的可逆容量,并可有效减少负极材料的体积膨胀[49]。
Wang等[50]通过喷雾干燥自组装法将热解碳和天然石墨包覆在亚微米硅片上成功制备了硅/碳/石墨复合材料。该材料的初始库伦效率高达82.8%,在100 mA·g-1下循环100个周期后仍有1 524.0 mA·h·g-1的容量保留,这种层级结构的材料与纯硅相比有着多层碳涂层和空隙,有效地缓解了硅充放电过程中的体积膨胀。
3.3 硅/碳/石墨烯负极材料
近年来,石墨烯由于具有高导电性、高强度、高化学稳定性、超高的比表面积和开放的多孔结构等特性,具有对锂电池电极材料体积变化的灵活约束作用,被认为是最有前景的碳材料[51]。由于具有大比表面积、高导电性和良好的放电能力,石墨烯可以提高硅基复合电极的电化学性能,改善大电流密度下的循环稳定性,是一种极具研究价值的碳材料[52-53]。
图6 颗粒截面的SEM图[50]
Fig.6 SEM images of partical cross sections[50]
图7 硅/碳和硅/碳/石墨烯复合材料电化学性能比较[54]
Fig.7 Comparision of the electrochemical performance of Si/C and Si/C/RGO composite[54]
Pan等[54]先采用工业通用的喷雾干燥法然后采用煅烧工艺制备了硅/碳/石墨烯球形微结构复合材料。碳壳和柔性石墨烯的结合可有效提高复合材料的电导率,并可适应硅在循环过程中巨大的体积变化。在100 mA·g-1的低电流密度下,该种材料的初始可逆性为1 599 mA·h·g-1,当在200 mA·g-1下循环多次后的容量保持率高达94.9%。此外,即使在2 000 mA·g-1的高电流密度下,硅/碳/石墨烯负极也仍有951 mA·h·g-1的高可逆比容量。硅在脱嵌锂过程中易发生结构变化。研究表明,石墨烯是一种防止该变化的有效缓冲物质,且可极大地提高锂电池的可逆容量、循环稳定性和倍率特性[55]。
4 展 望
表面涂覆改性是电极材料制备的基本工艺,对材料的比例和循环性能的改进研究主要集中在用掺杂、改性或喷雾干燥等方法对材料进行纳米化,提高电子和离子的传输速率以改善材料的导电性和稳定性。具有良好的弹性、高电导率和化学稳定性的碳材料在锂离子电池硅/碳负极材料的发展中具有巨大的潜力。此外,对于锂离子电池硅/碳负极材料脱嵌锂机理的研究,以及与硅/碳材料更相容的黏结剂和电解液的探索,也是未来的研究热点。
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