标题 | 基于供需管理的太湖流域水资源反退化能力研究 |
范文 | 周申蓓++杜阿敏 摘要近年来,我国流域水资源系统退化问题日趋严重。水质恶化、水生态环境退化以及突发性水危机事件常态化等,使得流域水资源反退化能力建设备受重视。环太湖区域作为率先进入现代化建设的示范区,太湖水资源反退化能力建设是区域现代化建设的重要组成部分。为提升太湖流域水资源反退化能力,从水资源供需管理视角出发,构建了供需两侧流域水资源反退化能力评价指标体系,应用全排列综合图示法分析了2001-2012年太湖流域供需两侧水资源反退化能力综合发展指数、发展演变速度及其变化原因,以二维空间矩阵形式对流域水资源反退化能力进行了综合评价。结果表明:近10年来,太湖流域供需两侧水资源反退化能力综合发展指数总体呈上升趋势,自2006年起,需求侧一直高于供给侧,供需两侧正向协调作用没有很好地显现;流域反退化能力发展演变速度总体波动较大,由于社会经济发展、用水效率以及污染治理等因素变化,个别年份需求侧水资源反退化能力出现下降现象;在供水管理方面,自然生态环境的退化是导致供给侧水资源反退化能力下降的主要原因。基于上述结论,分别从供水管理和需水管理角度提出了增强太湖流水资源反退化能力的对策和建议。 关键词水资源反退化;水资源供需管理;全排列综合图示法;太湖流域 中图分类号X22文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)12-0125-07doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.017 太湖流域作为我国经济社会最发达的区域之一,已经开始迈入现代化建设的转型发展时期,资源环境的可持续保护和发展将成为该区域未来发展的主题之一[1]。环太湖地区作为全国率先实现现代化的建设示范区,优越的水资源自然条件是区域社会经济快速发展的根本保障。然而,随着流域社会经济的高速发展及环境治理相对滞后,水资源日渐退化并由此引发了一系列的生态与环境问题。从1990年的上海清草沙水库的论证,到2000年的零点行动,再到2007年后的无锡蓝藻多次爆发,太湖的水污染治理问题一直是社会各界关注的热点。2001年太湖流域河流水质劣V类比例占13.7%,至2007年劣V类水质比例已达64.7%,2012年湖泊总体水质呈劣V类。由于富营养化的影响,时至今日,太湖湖体已经由草型湖泊转化为藻型湖泊,水环境容量和自净能力均出现下降趋势,太湖水体已经隐现退化忧患。同时,这种退化在社会生产的过程中也越来越被民众所感知,人们逐步习惯于各类突发性水污染事件的发生。 水资源系统退化是水资源过度耗散或降级后在相当长时间内无法自我修复或再生而出现的环境恶化过程,并导致了水生态系统的崩溃及野生生物的消失。因自然因素导致水资源的退化过程极其缓慢,一般至少需要数世纪的退化过程,但自工业革命以来由于人类活动导致水土资源退化的现象已经引起全世界的广泛关注。为应对水资源系统退化的风险,美国率先将反退化的思想作为清洁水法的基础和核心[2]。从最严格水资源管理的三条红线开始,我国水资源反退化的实践与研究才刚刚起步,但现实中的水资源退化问题已经迫在眉睫。目前,水资源反退化能力尚是一个外延模糊的概念。结合相关研究[2-4],水资源反退化能力是指人类通过调整自身水事行为促使水资源系统恢复和保持健康状态,维持和提升水资源自然子系统在通量和质量上对水资源社会子系统支持功能的能力。由于人类社会经济性活动对水资源系统的功能支撑和机能影响是多方面、多层次的,因此,影响水资源系统反退化能力的因素也相当复杂。如何设计考虑影响水资源系统反退化能力众多因素的评价方法,为提升水资源反退化能力提供有效的管理支撑,仍是一个任重道远的过程。 水资源供需管理理论为研究水资源反退化能力影响因素和提升水资源反退化能力提供了一个新的视角。水资源供需管理理论认为,对于特定的区域或流域,水资源管理过程应包括对供给侧和需求侧两侧的管理过程,并分别对应供水管理和需水管理。供水管理主要指人们应按照自然规律从自然界取水,基本原则是确保水资源的可持续开发和保护;需水管理主要指人们从自然侧取得水资源后,按照政治、经济和社会系统的运行规律进行多层水资源配置,强调对进入不同社会生产领域的生产关系中的水资源进行管理,包括对各种形态和品质的水产品及其副产品的管理[5]。基于水资源供需管理理论,流域水资源反退化能力可认为是在供水管理过程和需水管理过程中共同实现的,是供水管理过程和需水管理过程中形成的水资源反退化能力。因此,流域水资源反退化能力建设可以通过提高水资源供需管理能力来实现。通过供水管理,自然侧向社会侧提供可持续的水资源量,是水资源系统稳定的物质基础;通过需水管理,社会侧对自然侧提供的水资源进行合理优化配置,并对有害的副产品减量化和无害化,为维系流域水资源系统的稳定提供能量支撑。流域水资源反退化能力由水资源供需管理过程中供给侧与需求侧各种影响因素共同决定。 鉴于此,本文选取近年来经济社会发展迅速、水资源退化问题日益突出的太湖流域为研究对象,分别对供给侧和需求侧分析流域水资源反退化能力影响因素和构建评价指标体系,从流域供给侧和需求侧两个方面对太湖流域水资源反退化能力进行综合评价,并讨论提升流域水资源反退化能力的途径。 1方法与数据 1.1研究方法 1.1.1全排列多边形综合图示法 全排列综合图示法是由我国学者吴琼等在对生态城市指标体系与评价方法的研究中提出的一种指标综合评价方法[6]。该评价方法的代数计算结果考虑了各级指标临界值对综合指标的放大和紧缩效应,因而能够充分反映整体大于或者小于部分之和的系统整合原理。同时,该方法还可通过简单图示反映系统利导因子和限制因子,即反映系统呈现当前状态的具体原因。目前,全排列综合图示法被广泛应用于生态系统评价[7]、城市可持续发展评价[8]、水质综合评价[9]以及水环境安全评价[10]等领域。一般而言,该方法不设置指标权重参数,只依据实测数据确定与决策相关的上限、下限和临界值,减少了赋权的主观性[8-10]。Jiasheng Jin等曾尝试引入权重参数对原方法进行修正,但同时认为采用群组决策的方法设置权重使得研究过程无法避免主观干扰[11]。为降低主观干扰性,同时为使图示更加直观和真实地反映系统利导因子和限制因子,本研究沿用吴琼等最初提出的全排列综合图示法进行研究。本研究选用全排列综合图示法对太湖流域水资源反退化能力进行评价研究,不但可以综合分析2001-2012年太湖流域供需两侧水资源反退化能力综合发展指数及其发展演变速度的宏观状态,还可以定量分析不同微观因子对水资源系统反退化能力的影响程度。 周申蓓等:基于供需管理的太湖流域水资源反退化能力研究中国人口·资源与环境2014年第12期全排列多边形综合图示法中,设共有n个指标(标准化后的值),以这些指标的上限值为半径构成一个中心n边形,各指标值的连线构成一个不规则中心n边形,这个不规则中心n边形的顶点是n个指标的一个首尾相接的全排列,n个指标总共可以构成3结论与建议 对太湖流域2001-2012年供需两侧水资源反退化能力综合发展指数、发展演变速度及原因分析结果表明:①近10年来,太湖流域供需两侧水资源反退化能力综合发展指数总体呈上升趋势,且自2006年起,需求侧一直高于供给侧;②太湖流域供需两侧水资源反退化能力发展演化速度总体波动较大,个别年份出现负增长,且供给侧出现负增长频率和幅度均高于需求侧;③太湖流域相关部门在注重和加强需求侧排污控制管理时,在经济投入、提高用水效率和污染治理方面的工作却相对滞后,是导致需求侧水资源反退化能力出现负增长的主要原因;④太湖流域相关部门在水土保持建设、地下水开采控制、河流污染治理方面取得了一定的成效,但在生态建设方面却相对滞后,水环境污染及水资源过度开发利用问题也没有得到根本性的解决,是导致供给侧水资源反退化能力出现负增长的主要原因。 根据上述分析,本研究认为,要提升太湖流域水资源反退化能力,可以从流域水资源供给侧和需求侧两个方面寻求对策: (1) 对于需求侧,太湖流域相关部门应在巩固提升工农业生产及居民生活排污管控方面工作成果的同时,着重加强提高社会经济发展水平、用水效率水平和污染治理等方面的工作。例如,可通过推行阶梯水价和阶梯排污费政策提高用水效率和排污管控水平,通过适度提高城市非生产生活用水比重改善流域水环境。 (2) 对于供给侧,太湖流域相关部门应在巩固提升水土保持建设、地下水开采控制、河流污染治理方面工作成果的同时,适当加强生态建设投入。例如,可以适当提高流域水保及生态投资比重,加强自然生态保护区的维护,合理提高生态用水比重,并适度降低水资源开发利用程度。从具体措施上,应逐步扭转主要依靠调水工程改善太湖水体水质的不利局面,切实加强太湖流域反退化管理工作。 此外,值得注意的是,近10年来,太湖流域供需两侧水资源反退化能力在综合发展指数和发展演变速度方面,供给侧总体均劣于需求侧。流域需水管理能力的提升为需求侧水资源反退化能力的提升带来了促进作用,但并没有惠及供给侧水资源反退化能力建设,供给侧反退化能力一直处于相对较低水平和波动状态。从系统整体性、稳定性以及供需均衡角度来说,这是不利于流域水资源反退化能力发展的。因此,太湖流域相关部门应合理权衡流域供需两侧水资源反退化能力建设的投入力度,严格坚守“三条红线”制度,强化水资源供需管理,并充分发挥需求侧对供给侧水资源反退化能力建设的正向协调作用,最终实现流域总体水资源反退化能力的提升。 (编辑: 常勇 ) 参考文献(References) [1]陆桂华,张建华. 太湖水环境综合治理的现状、问题及对策[J].水资源保护,2014,30(2):67-69+94.[Lu Guihua, Zhang Jianhua. 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China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(9):26-31.] [10]邱宇.汀江流域水环境安全评估[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(2):152-159. [Qiu yu.The Evaluation of the Tingjiang River Basin Water Environment Safety [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013, 26(2): 152-159.] [11]Jiasheng Jin, Rusong Wang, Feng Li, et al. Conjugate Ecological Restoration Approach with a Case Study in Mentougou District, Beijing[J]. Environ Monit Assess, Ecological Complexity, 2011, (8):161-170. [12]凌峰.最严格水资源管:经济社会可持续发展的必然选择.[EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html. [Ling Feng. Most Stringent Water Management: Sustainable Economic and Social Development of the Inevitable Choice. [EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html.] [13]袁伟,楼章华,田娟.富阳市水资源承载能力综合评价[J].水利学报,2008,39(1):103-108. [Yuan Wei, Lou Zhanghua, Tian Juan. Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Fuyang City[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, 39(1): 103-108.] [14]邵磊,周孝德,杨方廷,等.基于主成分分析和熵权法的水资源承载能力及其演变趋势评价方法[J].西安理工大学学报,2010,26(2):170-176. [Shao Lei, Zhou Xiaode, Yang Fangting, et al. Research on Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Evaluation Method of Evolution Tendency Based on Principal Components Analysis and Entropy Weight Method [J]. Journal of Xian University of Technology, 2010, 26(2): 170-176.] Research on Water Antidegradation Capacity in Taihu Lake Basin Based on Water Supply and Demand Management ZHOU Shenbei1,2DU Amin1 (1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China; 2.School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China) AbstractIn recent years, the degradation problems of Chinas water resources system have become more serious. Given the current concerns with water resources system degradation, such as water quality deterioration, water ecology system degradation, and water pollution emergency normalization water resources antidegradation capacity of river basin has been paid more attention. Taihu Lake basin is one of the modernization construction demonstration areas, and the water resources antidegradation capacity is a basis of the district modernization constructions. In order to enhance the water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin, we set up a water resources antidegradation capacity evaluation model from the perspective of water demand and supply management, and use the full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method (FPPSI) to analyze the comprehensive development index, evolution speed and its changing reasons of water resources antidegradation capacity from 2001 to 2012. Two dimensional matrix is used to estimate the water resources antidegradation capacity comprehensively. The results show that comprehensive development index of the water resources antidegradation capacity is overall on the increase from the water demand and supply aspect in Taihu Lake Basin. Since 2006, the water resources antidegradation capacity in the water demand side has been higher than it is in the supply side, which indicates the positive coordination efficiency between the two sides is not significant. The evolution speed of the basin antidegradation capacity development varies with great fluctuation. The antidegradation capacity of water demand side descends in some years for the factors such as the socioeconomic development, waterusage efficiency and pollution treatment. The antidegradation capacity of water supply side descends because of ecology system degradation. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, the strategies and suggestions for enhancing water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin are put forward from the perspective of the water demand and supply management. Key wordswater antidegradation capacity; water supply and demand management; full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method; Taihu Lake Basin [7]魏婷,吴长年.一种工业园区生态系统健康评价方法及其应用[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(5):680-684. [Wei Ting, Wu Changnian. An Ecosystem Health Assessment Method With Its Application in Industrial Parks [J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2007, 16(5): 680-684.] [8]李锋,刘旭升,胡聃,等.城市可持续发展评价方法及其应用[J].生态学报,2007,(11):4793-4802. [Li Feng, Liu Xusheng, Hu Dan, et al. Evaluation Method and Its Application for Urban Sustainable Development [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,(11):4793-4802.] [9]龚艳冰,张继国,梁雪春.基于全排列多边形综合图示法的水质评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9):26-31. [Gong Yanbing, Zhang Jiguo, Liang Xuechun.Water Quality Assessment of East Route Based on Entirearraypolygon Evaluation Method [J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(9):26-31.] [10]邱宇.汀江流域水环境安全评估[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(2):152-159. [Qiu yu.The Evaluation of the Tingjiang River Basin Water Environment Safety [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013, 26(2): 152-159.] [11]Jiasheng Jin, Rusong Wang, Feng Li, et al. Conjugate Ecological Restoration Approach with a Case Study in Mentougou District, Beijing[J]. Environ Monit Assess, Ecological Complexity, 2011, (8):161-170. [12]凌峰.最严格水资源管:经济社会可持续发展的必然选择.[EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html. [Ling Feng. Most Stringent Water Management: Sustainable Economic and Social Development of the Inevitable Choice. [EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html.] [13]袁伟,楼章华,田娟.富阳市水资源承载能力综合评价[J].水利学报,2008,39(1):103-108. [Yuan Wei, Lou Zhanghua, Tian Juan. Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Fuyang City[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, 39(1): 103-108.] [14]邵磊,周孝德,杨方廷,等.基于主成分分析和熵权法的水资源承载能力及其演变趋势评价方法[J].西安理工大学学报,2010,26(2):170-176. [Shao Lei, Zhou Xiaode, Yang Fangting, et al. Research on Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Evaluation Method of Evolution Tendency Based on Principal Components Analysis and Entropy Weight Method [J]. Journal of Xian University of Technology, 2010, 26(2): 170-176.] Research on Water Antidegradation Capacity in Taihu Lake Basin Based on Water Supply and Demand Management ZHOU Shenbei1,2DU Amin1 (1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China; 2.School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China) AbstractIn recent years, the degradation problems of Chinas water resources system have become more serious. Given the current concerns with water resources system degradation, such as water quality deterioration, water ecology system degradation, and water pollution emergency normalization water resources antidegradation capacity of river basin has been paid more attention. Taihu Lake basin is one of the modernization construction demonstration areas, and the water resources antidegradation capacity is a basis of the district modernization constructions. In order to enhance the water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin, we set up a water resources antidegradation capacity evaluation model from the perspective of water demand and supply management, and use the full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method (FPPSI) to analyze the comprehensive development index, evolution speed and its changing reasons of water resources antidegradation capacity from 2001 to 2012. Two dimensional matrix is used to estimate the water resources antidegradation capacity comprehensively. The results show that comprehensive development index of the water resources antidegradation capacity is overall on the increase from the water demand and supply aspect in Taihu Lake Basin. Since 2006, the water resources antidegradation capacity in the water demand side has been higher than it is in the supply side, which indicates the positive coordination efficiency between the two sides is not significant. The evolution speed of the basin antidegradation capacity development varies with great fluctuation. The antidegradation capacity of water demand side descends in some years for the factors such as the socioeconomic development, waterusage efficiency and pollution treatment. The antidegradation capacity of water supply side descends because of ecology system degradation. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, the strategies and suggestions for enhancing water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin are put forward from the perspective of the water demand and supply management. Key wordswater antidegradation capacity; water supply and demand management; full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method; Taihu Lake Basin [7]魏婷,吴长年.一种工业园区生态系统健康评价方法及其应用[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(5):680-684. [Wei Ting, Wu Changnian. An Ecosystem Health Assessment Method With Its Application in Industrial Parks [J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2007, 16(5): 680-684.] [8]李锋,刘旭升,胡聃,等.城市可持续发展评价方法及其应用[J].生态学报,2007,(11):4793-4802. [Li Feng, Liu Xusheng, Hu Dan, et al. Evaluation Method and Its Application for Urban Sustainable Development [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,(11):4793-4802.] [9]龚艳冰,张继国,梁雪春.基于全排列多边形综合图示法的水质评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9):26-31. [Gong Yanbing, Zhang Jiguo, Liang Xuechun.Water Quality Assessment of East Route Based on Entirearraypolygon Evaluation Method [J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(9):26-31.] [10]邱宇.汀江流域水环境安全评估[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(2):152-159. [Qiu yu.The Evaluation of the Tingjiang River Basin Water Environment Safety [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013, 26(2): 152-159.] [11]Jiasheng Jin, Rusong Wang, Feng Li, et al. Conjugate Ecological Restoration Approach with a Case Study in Mentougou District, Beijing[J]. Environ Monit Assess, Ecological Complexity, 2011, (8):161-170. [12]凌峰.最严格水资源管:经济社会可持续发展的必然选择.[EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html. [Ling Feng. Most Stringent Water Management: Sustainable Economic and Social Development of the Inevitable Choice. [EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html.] [13]袁伟,楼章华,田娟.富阳市水资源承载能力综合评价[J].水利学报,2008,39(1):103-108. [Yuan Wei, Lou Zhanghua, Tian Juan. Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Fuyang City[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, 39(1): 103-108.] [14]邵磊,周孝德,杨方廷,等.基于主成分分析和熵权法的水资源承载能力及其演变趋势评价方法[J].西安理工大学学报,2010,26(2):170-176. [Shao Lei, Zhou Xiaode, Yang Fangting, et al. Research on Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Evaluation Method of Evolution Tendency Based on Principal Components Analysis and Entropy Weight Method [J]. Journal of Xian University of Technology, 2010, 26(2): 170-176.] Research on Water Antidegradation Capacity in Taihu Lake Basin Based on Water Supply and Demand Management ZHOU Shenbei1,2DU Amin1 (1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China; 2.School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China) AbstractIn recent years, the degradation problems of Chinas water resources system have become more serious. Given the current concerns with water resources system degradation, such as water quality deterioration, water ecology system degradation, and water pollution emergency normalization water resources antidegradation capacity of river basin has been paid more attention. Taihu Lake basin is one of the modernization construction demonstration areas, and the water resources antidegradation capacity is a basis of the district modernization constructions. In order to enhance the water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin, we set up a water resources antidegradation capacity evaluation model from the perspective of water demand and supply management, and use the full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method (FPPSI) to analyze the comprehensive development index, evolution speed and its changing reasons of water resources antidegradation capacity from 2001 to 2012. Two dimensional matrix is used to estimate the water resources antidegradation capacity comprehensively. The results show that comprehensive development index of the water resources antidegradation capacity is overall on the increase from the water demand and supply aspect in Taihu Lake Basin. Since 2006, the water resources antidegradation capacity in the water demand side has been higher than it is in the supply side, which indicates the positive coordination efficiency between the two sides is not significant. The evolution speed of the basin antidegradation capacity development varies with great fluctuation. The antidegradation capacity of water demand side descends in some years for the factors such as the socioeconomic development, waterusage efficiency and pollution treatment. The antidegradation capacity of water supply side descends because of ecology system degradation. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, the strategies and suggestions for enhancing water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin are put forward from the perspective of the water demand and supply management. Key wordswater antidegradation capacity; water supply and demand management; full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method; Taihu Lake Basin |
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