| 单词 | rough |
| 释义 | rough /rʌf/ adjective (rougher, roughest) 1.not exact; not including all details 不确切的；大致的；粗略的◆a rough calculation/estimate of the cost 对成本的粗略计算／估计◆i've got a rough idea of what it will look like. 我知道这东西大概将会是甚么样子。2.not finished or corrected 粗略的；大致的；初步的；草率的◆a rough draft of a report 一份报告的草稿 ▸ roughly adverb◆sales are up by roughly 10%. 销售额增长了大约 10%。◆ roughly speaking, we receive about fifty new clients a week. 大致说来，我们每周接待 50 位新客户。 rough /rʌf/ noun [countable] (technical 技术) the first version of a drawing or design that has been done quickly and without much detail 草稿；草图◆only the best of the roughs are shown to the editor. 只有最好的草稿才能拿给编辑看。 ●in rough (especially bre) if you write or draw sth in rough, you make a first version of it, not worrying too much about mistakes or details 粗略地；大致上 rough /rʌf/ verb ●rough sth outto draw or write sth without including all the details 草拟；画…的草图◆i've roughed out a few ideas. 我已经有了几个初步设想。☞ rough☞ rough☞ roughrough adjective 1➤rough ground/edges高低不平的地面；参差不齐的边缘➤rough seas/weather波涛汹涌的海；狂风暴雨的天气rough ♦︎ rocky ♦︎ rugged ♦︎ uneven ♦︎ bumpy ♦︎ lumpy ♦︎ ruttedthese words all describe a surface or edge that is not level, smooth or flat.这些词均表示表面或边缘粗糙的、不平滑的、不平坦的。patterns and collocations 句型和搭配◆a rough / a rocky / an uneven / a bumpy surface◆a rough / an uneven / a bumpy / a rutted road◆rough / rocky / uneven / bumpy ground / terrain◆a rough / bumpy / rutted lane / track◆a rocky / rugged landscape / hill / mountain / peak / cliff / coast / coastline■ rough having a surface or edge that is not even or regular粗糙的；不平滑的；高低不平的◆the car is designed for travelling over rough ground.这款车是专为在崎岖地面上行驶而设计的。◆trim any rough edges with a sharp knife.用锋利的刀将参差不齐的边切齐。 opp smooth → flat adj. ■ rocky made of rock; full of rocks岩石的；多岩石的◆this plant grows in rocky soil on exposed hillsides.这种植物生长在无遮蔽山坡上多石的土壤中。■ rugged /rʌgɪd/ (of landscape) not level or smooth and having rocks rather than plants or trees, especially in a way that is beautiful or romantic（地形）崎岖的，凹凸不平的，多岩石的（尤指使人感觉美丽或浪漫）◆they admired the rugged beauty of the coastline.他们对海岸线上岩石密布的美景赞叹不已。■ uneven /ʌniːvn/ (of a surface) not level, smooth or flat（表面）凹凸不平的，不光滑的，不平坦的◆she picked her way along the uneven path.她小心翼翼地走在不平整的小路上。◆the floor felt uneven under his feet.他觉得脚下的地板高低不平。■ bumpy (of a surface) not even; with a lot of bumps（平面）不平的；多凸块的◆she felt quite sick from the long drive over the bumpy road.在颠簸的路上长时间行驶让她感到很不舒服。ⓘ bumpy is used especially to describe a piece of ground that you drive or cycle over. * bumpy 尤用于修饰驾车或骑车经过的地面。■ lumpy full of lumps; covered in lumps多块状物的；为块状物覆盖的◆i lay sleepless on my lumpy mattress.躺在凸凹不平的床垫上我睡不着觉。ⓘ lumpy is most frequently used to talk about mattresses (= that you lie on) and pillows (= that you rest your head on). * lumpy 最常用于修饰床垫和枕头。■ rutted (of a road or path) with deep tracks that have been made by wheels（道路或小径）有车辙的◆the track was heavily rutted from the wheels of farm tractors.农用拖拉机的轮子在这条小路上碾出深深的车辙。rough adjective 2➤rough ground/edges高低不平的地面；参差不齐的边缘➤rough seas/weather波涛汹涌的海；狂风暴雨的天气 ➡ see also the entry for wet 2另见 wet 条第 2 义rough ♦︎ violent ♦︎ stormy ♦︎ turbulent ♦︎ raging ♦︎ choppythese words all describe weather or the sea when there is a strong wind or large waves.这些词均表示天气或海上风浪很大的、波涛汹涌的。synonym scale 词义标尺下图显示这些词所表达风浪大的程度choppy ○ rough ○ stormy ○ turbulent ○ violent ○ ragingpatterns and collocations 句型和搭配◆a rough / violent / stormy / turbulent / raging / choppy sea◆rough / violent / stormy / turbulent / choppy conditions◆rough / stormy / turbulent / choppy waters◆rough / turbulent / choppy water◆rough / violent / stormy weather■ rough (of the sea) having large and dangerous waves; (of the weather, especially at sea) with strong winds and rain（海）波涛汹涌的；（天气，尤指海上天气）风浪很大的◆it was too rough to sail that night.那天夜里风浪太大，无法行船。◆there's no way he could have swum ashore in such rough weather.他在这样恶劣的天气无法游上岸。 opp calm → quiet 1 ■ violent (of the weather or the sea) very dangerous, with very strong winds and/or very large waves（天气或海）非常危险的，狂风大作的，波涛汹涌的◆the islands were hit by a violent cyclone.这些岛屿受到猛烈的旋风袭击。◆members of the lifeboat crew were presented with bravery awards for launching in violent seas.为表彰救生艇船员冒着惊涛骇浪出航救人，向他们颁发了英勇奖。■ stormy with strong winds and heavy rain or snow有暴风雨（或暴风雪）的◆she visited me one dark and stormy night in november.在 11 月里一个漆黑的暴风雨之夜，她来看我。■ turbulent /tɜːbjələnt; name tɜːrbjələnt/ [usually before noun](of air or water) changing direction suddenly and violently（气流或水流）汹涌的，猛烈的，湍动的◆the aircraft is designed to withstand turbulent conditions.这架飞机是为经受猛烈的气流而设计的。■ raging /reɪdʒɪŋ/ [only before noun](of natural forces such as wind, water and fire) very powerful（风、水、火等自然力）极其强大的，猛烈的◆the stream had become a raging torrent.小河变成了一条汹涌的急流。◆the building was now a raging inferno (= the fire was out of control).这座大楼现在正烈焰熊熊。■ choppy (of the sea or water) with a lot of small waves（海面或水面）波浪起伏的，不平静的◆the choppy waters caused some of the boats to capsize.波浪起伏的水面造成一些船只倾覆。rough(of skin or fabric) having a surface that is not even or regular（皮肤或布料）粗糙的，不平滑的，凹凸不平的◆the skin on her hands was hard and rough.她手上的皮肤又硬又粗。 opp soft note 辨析 coarse or rough?when talking about skin or fabric, coarse is a more literary word than rough; coarse but not rough also describes hair with thick strands (= individual hairs) or sand, salt or gravel with relatively large grains or stones.谈论皮肤或织物时，coarse 比 rough 文学味道更浓。coarse 可以形容 hair，指发丝粗；也可以形容 sand、salt 或 gravel，指颗粒大；但 rough 不能这样用。roughdifficult and unpleasant艰苦的；困顿的◆he's had a really rough time recently.他最近真是困难重重。◆life was rough on the streets.流浪街头的生活很艰难。◆they set sail in rough conditions.他们冒着风浪的危险起航了。ⓘ life or times can be rough if they are full of personal problems or violence; conditions are rough if they are physically difficult.用 rough 形容生活或时代，指充满个人问题或暴力；用 rough 形容环境，指自然环境恶劣。rough (often disapproving) (of sb's voice) unpleasant to listen to; not kind or gentle（嗓音）刺耳的，难听的；粗声粗气的◆'i suppose you expect me to apologize for this,' he said in a rough voice.“我想你是要我为这事道歉吧。”他阴阳怪气地说道。▸ roughly adverb◆'what do you want?' she demanded roughly.“你想怎么样？”她粗声粗气地问道。note 辨析 harsh or rough?a harsh voice is likely to be higher in tone than a rough voice. * harsh 常常比 rough 所指的声音音调高。roughhaving a surface or edge that is not even or regular粗糙的；不平滑的；高低不平的◆the car is designed for travelling over rough ground.这款车是专为在崎岖地面上行驶而设计的。◆trim any rough edges with a sharp knife.用锋利的刀将参差不齐的边切齐。 opp smooth → flat adj. rough(of the sea) having large and dangerous waves; (of the weather, especially at sea) with strong winds and rain（海）波涛汹涌的；（天气，尤指海上天气）风浪很大的◆it was too rough to sail that night.那天夜里风浪太大，无法行船。◆there's no way he could have swum ashore in such rough weather.他在这样恶劣的天气无法游上岸。 opp calm → quiet 1 roughnot exact; not including all the details不确切的；粗略的；大致的◆there were about 20 people there, at a rough guess.那里约计有 20 人。◆i made a rough sketch of the inside of the church.我画了一幅教堂内部环境的草图。opp exact → exact ▸ roughly adverb◆we live roughly halfway between here and the coast.我们住的地方大致在这里和海滨中间。◆roughly speaking, we receive about fifty letters a week on the subject.粗略地说，我们每周收到大约五十封有关这一问题的来信。note 辨析 approximate or rough? approximate most often describes the number, amount, cost, etc. of sth, although it can also describe an estimate or idea (but not a 'guess') of the number, amount, cost, etc. rough can also describe the number, amount or cost of sth, but more often describes an estimate, idea or guess of sth. rough, but not approximate can be used to describe a piece of writing or drawing. * approximate 最常与 number、amount、cost 等词搭配，表示某物的数目、数量、费用等为约数，但也可与 estimate 或 idea 搭配，表示对数目、数量、费用等的估计或大致看法（但不可与 guess 搭配）。rough 也可修饰某物的数目、数量或费用，但更常与 estimate、idea 或 guess 搭配。rough 可用于修饰文字作品或绘画，approximate 则不能◆an approximate draft/sketch of sth rough (rather informal) not gentle or careful; violent粗暴的；粗野的；猛烈的◆they complained of rough handling by the guards.他们抱怨受到了警卫的粗暴对待。◆she doesn't like playing with the rough kids.她不喜欢和粗野的孩子一起玩耍。◆ (spoken) don't try any rough stuff with me.别想对我撒野。 opp gentle → sensitive 1 ▸ roughly adverb◆he pushed her roughly out of the way.他粗暴地把她推到一边。rough¹/rʌf ||; rʌf/adj1. not smooth, soft or level 不平滑的；不平坦的: ◇rough ground 高低不平的地面 [opp] smooth or soft 反义词为smooth或soft 2. violent; not calm or gentle 粗暴的；粗鲁的: ◇you can hold the baby, but don't be rough with him. 你可以抱这婴儿，不过别粗手粗脚的。◇the sea was rough and half the people on the boat were seasick. 海上风浪很大，小船上半数的人都晕船了。 [opp] calm 反义词为calm 3. made or done quickly or without much care; approximate 粗率的；大概的；粗略的: ◇a rough estimate 粗略的估计◇can you give me a rough idea of what time you'll be arriving? 可以告诉我你大概什么时间到达吗？ 4. (informal 非正式) looking or feeling ill （看上去或感觉）不舒服的: ◇you look a bit rough -- are you feeling all right? 你看来有点不对劲，没什么不舒服吧？ ➔roughness noun [u] be rough (on sb) be unpleasant or bad luck for sb （对某人来说）难堪的，不幸的rough²/rʌf ||; rʌf/nounin rough done quickly without worrying about mistakes, as a preparation for the finished piece of work or drawing 以草稿形式；粗略地 take the rough with the smooth to accept difficult or unpleasant things in addition to pleasant things 好坏一起承受 rough³/rʌf ||; rʌf/adv in a rough way 粗鲁地；粗野地: ◇one of the boys was told off for playing rough. 其中一个男孩因比赛时动作粗野而遭受申斥。 live/sleep rough to live or sleep outdoors, usually because you have no home or money 住或睡在户外（通常因无家或没钱） rough⁴/rʌf ||; rʌf/verbrough it to live without all the comfortable things that you usually have 过不舒适的生活: ◇you have to rough it a bit when you go camping. 露营的时候你只好将就一些。 ☞ rough/not smooth☞ rough¹☞ rough²☞ rough³☞ rough⁴ |
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