内外表面修饰介孔材料的制备及其在低分子量蛋白质富集中的应用
祁艳霞等
摘要介孔材料由于其具有高度规则的孔径结构和一系列优良的物理化学性质,使其对复杂基质中选择性萃取低分子量蛋白质和多肽方面具有较大的优势和发展潜力。本研究采用共沉淀法结合后修饰法制备了一种介孔内表面修饰反相苯基基团、外表面修饰烷基二醇基的硅基介孔材料,并对其结构及选择性富集性能进行了考察。傅立叶变换红外光谱图表明, 苯基和烷基二醇基成功修饰到介孔材料上; 萃取实验结果表明, 内外表面的双重修饰使其对标准蛋白、人血浆等复杂样品中低分子量蛋白质(分子量小于10 kDa)具有良好的富集选择性。
关键词介孔二氧化硅; 内外表面修饰; 选择性富集; 低分子量蛋白质和多肽; 生物样品预处理
1引言
低分子量蛋白质和多肽是一类重要的生物功能分子和疾病标志物。从复杂的生物样品,例如血浆或组织提取液中选择性富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽意义重大。由于低分子量蛋白质和多肽在复杂生物样品中一般丰度较低,在富集的过程中容易受到大量高丰度大分子量蛋白质的干扰,富集的选择性和回收率很难同时得到保证。因此,如何特异性、高效地从复杂生物样品中富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽仍然是生物分离分析领域的一个难题。使用具有特定截留分子量过滤膜的超滤管对生物样品进行超滤离心是选择性富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽最常用的方法,在血清样品低分子量蛋白质和多肽研究中被广泛应用\[1\]。超滤离心的缺点主要有两方面,第一是随着离心的进行,蛋白浓度急剧升高,大量高分子量蛋白质会析出并堵塞超滤膜,降低超滤富集效率并延长了超滤时间;第二是低分子量污染物如盐、变性剂(如SDS)等会被富集到低分子量蛋白质和多肽样品中,在进行液相色谱和质谱分析前必须进行样品纯化处理。限进键合相(Restrictedaccess medium, RAM)是一类新型尺寸排阻色谱填料,其外表面一般具有低吸附生物兼容性亲水基团,如烷基二醇基、亲水聚合物等,而内表面一般具有高吸附疏水或离子交换等基团\[2,3\]。Hu等使用具有强阳离子交换(Strong cationexchange columns, SCX)性质的RAM色谱柱对血清低分子量(<15000 Da)蛋白质和多肽进行在线萃取,并使用不同盐梯度进行了在线分级二维色谱分离,从20 μL血清中鉴定到了1286个内源性多肽\[4\]。但是RAM材料价格昂贵,且没有商品化填料出售,限制了其应用。
介孔材料由于具有高的孔表面积,非常有序的孔结构,窄的孔尺寸分布以及相对高的化学和物理稳定性,使其在分离科学中有着广泛的应用\[5,6\]。Tian等\[7\]应用孔径约为2 nm的MCM41介孔材料对血清中的低分子量蛋白质和多肽进行了选择性富集。结果表明,介孔材料具有超滤离心和吸附富集方法的双重优点,规则的孔道结构对高分子量蛋白质进行高效排出,超过90%的表面积为介孔内部表面积,为进入孔道内部的低分子量蛋白质和多肽提供了充分的吸附面积。实验证明MCM41介孔材料对血浆中分子量低于12000 Da的蛋白质和多肽具有良好的富集选择性。然而,二氧化硅介孔材料内外表面都存在硅羟基,虽然内表面面积显著大于外表面,但是外表面对蛋白分子的吸附在动力学上更快,而高分子量蛋白的吸附不仅降低了材料对低分子量蛋白质的富集选择性而且会形成空间位阻效应,阻碍低分子量蛋白质进入材料内部孔道,从而降低了材料的富集效率;此外,其内表面对低分子量蛋白质的吸附是基于硅氧桥键反相和硅羟基离子交换的混合作用,吸附容量有限, 且使用有机溶剂洗脱时很难得到较高的洗脱效率,影响了材料的富集效率和回收率。因此,对二氧化硅介孔材料进行内外表面化学修饰,提高富集选择性,降低非特异性吸附,并提高洗脱效率,是将其应用到实际复杂生物样品分析的重要前提。
本研究组采用烷基二醇基修饰了二氧化硅介孔材料外表面,提高了富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽的效率和特异性。此外,制备了介孔内表面修饰疏水性乙烯基,外表面修饰烷基二醇基的二氧化硅介孔材料,进一步提高了萃取多肽样品的洗脱效率\[9\]。为了进一步增强二氧化硅介孔材料内表面对低分子量蛋白质和多肽样品的选择性富集能力,本研究在介孔材料内表面修饰了反相苯基基团, 外表面所修饰烷基二醇基。结果表明,苯基被成功引入MCM41内表面,该材料对低分子量蛋白质和多肽表现出良好的萃取效率。
33标准样品富集
标准蛋白质和多肽混合物与材料Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2混合富集后,采用50%乙腈溶液(01% TFA)洗脱,洗脱液直接进行质谱分析。图2是样品原液、富集后洗脱液及上清液的质谱图。通过Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料萃取后BSA酶解肽段和胰岛素的质谱检测信号得到了极大增强,富集倍数约为30倍。同时细胞色素C(MW=124 kDa)的检测信号不明显,变为原溶液的1/5左右。这说明由于该介孔材料的孔径尺寸排阻作用,对于分子量小于10 kDa的多肽和蛋白质分子有很强的富集作用。此外,在处理后的上清液中,只出现了较弱的BSA酶切肽段的峰。这说明Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料具有较强的富集效率和吸附容量。
34血浆中低分子蛋白质和多肽的富集
在复杂生物样品如血浆中,低分子量多肽和蛋白质的富集受到大量高丰度高分子量蛋白质的影响, 这一直是一个难点。考察了Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料对于血浆中低分子量多肽和蛋白质的富集能力。结果表明,Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料可以有效排除血浆中高分子量蛋白质的干扰,并且选择性萃取低分子量蛋白质和多肽(图3)。在血浆萃取液中,在分子量范围080~10 kDa中质谱检测到多个低分子量蛋白质和多肽, 而在分子量范围10~90 kDa中基本检测不到高分子量蛋白质, 说明Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料在复杂生物液体中对分子量低于10 kDa的蛋白质和多肽具有较好的选择性。这也与标准样品的分析结果吻合。
AbstractSelective extraction of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins and peptides from complex biological samples plays an important role in the discovery of useful biomarkers and signaling molecules It is demonstrated that the unique pore structure of mesoporous material makes it efficient to enrich LMW proteins and peptides from complex matrixes In this study, a mesoporous material, alkyldiol@phenylSiO2, with modified exterior (alkyldiol group) and interior (phenyl group) surfaces, was synthesized by cocondensation and postgrafting, and its characteristic was evaluated by FTIR and MS The LMW proteins and peptides enriched by the alkyldiol@phenylSiO2 mesoporous material could be easily eluted by organic solvents, which was compatible with the following detection by mass spectrometry (MS) This new mesoporous material exhibited good selectivity for the extraction of LMW proteins and peptides (less than 10 kDa) from complex biological samples
KeywordsMesoporous silica; Interior and external modification; Selective extraction; Low molecular weight protein; Biological samples preparation
AbstractSelective extraction of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins and peptides from complex biological samples plays an important role in the discovery of useful biomarkers and signaling molecules It is demonstrated that the unique pore structure of mesoporous material makes it efficient to enrich LMW proteins and peptides from complex matrixes In this study, a mesoporous material, alkyldiol@phenylSiO2, with modified exterior (alkyldiol group) and interior (phenyl group) surfaces, was synthesized by cocondensation and postgrafting, and its characteristic was evaluated by FTIR and MS The LMW proteins and peptides enriched by the alkyldiol@phenylSiO2 mesoporous material could be easily eluted by organic solvents, which was compatible with the following detection by mass spectrometry (MS) This new mesoporous material exhibited good selectivity for the extraction of LMW proteins and peptides (less than 10 kDa) from complex biological samples
KeywordsMesoporous silica; Interior and external modification; Selective extraction; Low molecular weight protein; Biological samples preparation
AbstractSelective extraction of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins and peptides from complex biological samples plays an important role in the discovery of useful biomarkers and signaling molecules It is demonstrated that the unique pore structure of mesoporous material makes it efficient to enrich LMW proteins and peptides from complex matrixes In this study, a mesoporous material, alkyldiol@phenylSiO2, with modified exterior (alkyldiol group) and interior (phenyl group) surfaces, was synthesized by cocondensation and postgrafting, and its characteristic was evaluated by FTIR and MS The LMW proteins and peptides enriched by the alkyldiol@phenylSiO2 mesoporous material could be easily eluted by organic solvents, which was compatible with the following detection by mass spectrometry (MS) This new mesoporous material exhibited good selectivity for the extraction of LMW proteins and peptides (less than 10 kDa) from complex biological samples
KeywordsMesoporous silica; Interior and external modification; Selective extraction; Low molecular weight protein; Biological samples preparation
摘要介孔材料由于其具有高度规则的孔径结构和一系列优良的物理化学性质,使其对复杂基质中选择性萃取低分子量蛋白质和多肽方面具有较大的优势和发展潜力。本研究采用共沉淀法结合后修饰法制备了一种介孔内表面修饰反相苯基基团、外表面修饰烷基二醇基的硅基介孔材料,并对其结构及选择性富集性能进行了考察。傅立叶变换红外光谱图表明, 苯基和烷基二醇基成功修饰到介孔材料上; 萃取实验结果表明, 内外表面的双重修饰使其对标准蛋白、人血浆等复杂样品中低分子量蛋白质(分子量小于10 kDa)具有良好的富集选择性。
关键词介孔二氧化硅; 内外表面修饰; 选择性富集; 低分子量蛋白质和多肽; 生物样品预处理
1引言
低分子量蛋白质和多肽是一类重要的生物功能分子和疾病标志物。从复杂的生物样品,例如血浆或组织提取液中选择性富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽意义重大。由于低分子量蛋白质和多肽在复杂生物样品中一般丰度较低,在富集的过程中容易受到大量高丰度大分子量蛋白质的干扰,富集的选择性和回收率很难同时得到保证。因此,如何特异性、高效地从复杂生物样品中富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽仍然是生物分离分析领域的一个难题。使用具有特定截留分子量过滤膜的超滤管对生物样品进行超滤离心是选择性富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽最常用的方法,在血清样品低分子量蛋白质和多肽研究中被广泛应用\[1\]。超滤离心的缺点主要有两方面,第一是随着离心的进行,蛋白浓度急剧升高,大量高分子量蛋白质会析出并堵塞超滤膜,降低超滤富集效率并延长了超滤时间;第二是低分子量污染物如盐、变性剂(如SDS)等会被富集到低分子量蛋白质和多肽样品中,在进行液相色谱和质谱分析前必须进行样品纯化处理。限进键合相(Restrictedaccess medium, RAM)是一类新型尺寸排阻色谱填料,其外表面一般具有低吸附生物兼容性亲水基团,如烷基二醇基、亲水聚合物等,而内表面一般具有高吸附疏水或离子交换等基团\[2,3\]。Hu等使用具有强阳离子交换(Strong cationexchange columns, SCX)性质的RAM色谱柱对血清低分子量(<15000 Da)蛋白质和多肽进行在线萃取,并使用不同盐梯度进行了在线分级二维色谱分离,从20 μL血清中鉴定到了1286个内源性多肽\[4\]。但是RAM材料价格昂贵,且没有商品化填料出售,限制了其应用。
介孔材料由于具有高的孔表面积,非常有序的孔结构,窄的孔尺寸分布以及相对高的化学和物理稳定性,使其在分离科学中有着广泛的应用\[5,6\]。Tian等\[7\]应用孔径约为2 nm的MCM41介孔材料对血清中的低分子量蛋白质和多肽进行了选择性富集。结果表明,介孔材料具有超滤离心和吸附富集方法的双重优点,规则的孔道结构对高分子量蛋白质进行高效排出,超过90%的表面积为介孔内部表面积,为进入孔道内部的低分子量蛋白质和多肽提供了充分的吸附面积。实验证明MCM41介孔材料对血浆中分子量低于12000 Da的蛋白质和多肽具有良好的富集选择性。然而,二氧化硅介孔材料内外表面都存在硅羟基,虽然内表面面积显著大于外表面,但是外表面对蛋白分子的吸附在动力学上更快,而高分子量蛋白的吸附不仅降低了材料对低分子量蛋白质的富集选择性而且会形成空间位阻效应,阻碍低分子量蛋白质进入材料内部孔道,从而降低了材料的富集效率;此外,其内表面对低分子量蛋白质的吸附是基于硅氧桥键反相和硅羟基离子交换的混合作用,吸附容量有限, 且使用有机溶剂洗脱时很难得到较高的洗脱效率,影响了材料的富集效率和回收率。因此,对二氧化硅介孔材料进行内外表面化学修饰,提高富集选择性,降低非特异性吸附,并提高洗脱效率,是将其应用到实际复杂生物样品分析的重要前提。
本研究组采用烷基二醇基修饰了二氧化硅介孔材料外表面,提高了富集低分子量蛋白质和多肽的效率和特异性。此外,制备了介孔内表面修饰疏水性乙烯基,外表面修饰烷基二醇基的二氧化硅介孔材料,进一步提高了萃取多肽样品的洗脱效率\[9\]。为了进一步增强二氧化硅介孔材料内表面对低分子量蛋白质和多肽样品的选择性富集能力,本研究在介孔材料内表面修饰了反相苯基基团, 外表面所修饰烷基二醇基。结果表明,苯基被成功引入MCM41内表面,该材料对低分子量蛋白质和多肽表现出良好的萃取效率。
33标准样品富集
标准蛋白质和多肽混合物与材料Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2混合富集后,采用50%乙腈溶液(01% TFA)洗脱,洗脱液直接进行质谱分析。图2是样品原液、富集后洗脱液及上清液的质谱图。通过Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料萃取后BSA酶解肽段和胰岛素的质谱检测信号得到了极大增强,富集倍数约为30倍。同时细胞色素C(MW=124 kDa)的检测信号不明显,变为原溶液的1/5左右。这说明由于该介孔材料的孔径尺寸排阻作用,对于分子量小于10 kDa的多肽和蛋白质分子有很强的富集作用。此外,在处理后的上清液中,只出现了较弱的BSA酶切肽段的峰。这说明Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料具有较强的富集效率和吸附容量。
34血浆中低分子蛋白质和多肽的富集
在复杂生物样品如血浆中,低分子量多肽和蛋白质的富集受到大量高丰度高分子量蛋白质的影响, 这一直是一个难点。考察了Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料对于血浆中低分子量多肽和蛋白质的富集能力。结果表明,Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料可以有效排除血浆中高分子量蛋白质的干扰,并且选择性萃取低分子量蛋白质和多肽(图3)。在血浆萃取液中,在分子量范围080~10 kDa中质谱检测到多个低分子量蛋白质和多肽, 而在分子量范围10~90 kDa中基本检测不到高分子量蛋白质, 说明Alkyldiol@phenylSiO2材料在复杂生物液体中对分子量低于10 kDa的蛋白质和多肽具有较好的选择性。这也与标准样品的分析结果吻合。
AbstractSelective extraction of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins and peptides from complex biological samples plays an important role in the discovery of useful biomarkers and signaling molecules It is demonstrated that the unique pore structure of mesoporous material makes it efficient to enrich LMW proteins and peptides from complex matrixes In this study, a mesoporous material, alkyldiol@phenylSiO2, with modified exterior (alkyldiol group) and interior (phenyl group) surfaces, was synthesized by cocondensation and postgrafting, and its characteristic was evaluated by FTIR and MS The LMW proteins and peptides enriched by the alkyldiol@phenylSiO2 mesoporous material could be easily eluted by organic solvents, which was compatible with the following detection by mass spectrometry (MS) This new mesoporous material exhibited good selectivity for the extraction of LMW proteins and peptides (less than 10 kDa) from complex biological samples
KeywordsMesoporous silica; Interior and external modification; Selective extraction; Low molecular weight protein; Biological samples preparation
AbstractSelective extraction of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins and peptides from complex biological samples plays an important role in the discovery of useful biomarkers and signaling molecules It is demonstrated that the unique pore structure of mesoporous material makes it efficient to enrich LMW proteins and peptides from complex matrixes In this study, a mesoporous material, alkyldiol@phenylSiO2, with modified exterior (alkyldiol group) and interior (phenyl group) surfaces, was synthesized by cocondensation and postgrafting, and its characteristic was evaluated by FTIR and MS The LMW proteins and peptides enriched by the alkyldiol@phenylSiO2 mesoporous material could be easily eluted by organic solvents, which was compatible with the following detection by mass spectrometry (MS) This new mesoporous material exhibited good selectivity for the extraction of LMW proteins and peptides (less than 10 kDa) from complex biological samples
KeywordsMesoporous silica; Interior and external modification; Selective extraction; Low molecular weight protein; Biological samples preparation
AbstractSelective extraction of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins and peptides from complex biological samples plays an important role in the discovery of useful biomarkers and signaling molecules It is demonstrated that the unique pore structure of mesoporous material makes it efficient to enrich LMW proteins and peptides from complex matrixes In this study, a mesoporous material, alkyldiol@phenylSiO2, with modified exterior (alkyldiol group) and interior (phenyl group) surfaces, was synthesized by cocondensation and postgrafting, and its characteristic was evaluated by FTIR and MS The LMW proteins and peptides enriched by the alkyldiol@phenylSiO2 mesoporous material could be easily eluted by organic solvents, which was compatible with the following detection by mass spectrometry (MS) This new mesoporous material exhibited good selectivity for the extraction of LMW proteins and peptides (less than 10 kDa) from complex biological samples
KeywordsMesoporous silica; Interior and external modification; Selective extraction; Low molecular weight protein; Biological samples preparation