塔里木盆地主要前陆冲断带差异构造变形
汤良杰等
摘 要: 利用库车、塔西南和塔东南地区典型剖面等基础资料,结合野外地质调查,对比分析三大前陆冲断带构造变形特征,进一步探讨控制前陆冲断带差异变形特征的主要因素。塔里木盆地周缘前陆盆地构造变形的差异性主要体现在剖面上的分层差异性和平面上的分带、分段差异性。库车前陆冲断带发育4套滑脱层,剖面上深、中、浅层构造样式差异明显;塔西南前陆冲断带发育3套滑脱层,构造分层特征较为明显;塔东南前陆冲断带发育2套滑脱层,构造的分层性与库车、塔西南前陆冲断带比较则相对简单。区域构造应力场、盆地边界等则控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分段、分带差异。库车前陆冲断带与天山构造带走向一致,具有明显的构造分带性,在局部应力调节处表现出一定的构造分段性差异;塔西南前陆冲断带与昆仑山挤压方向呈不同角度相交,沿走向上体现出明显的构造分段性,在各段存在分带差异;塔东南前陆冲断带构造分段性明显,分别与西昆仑山和阿尔金山的主控作用有关,向盆地方向分带特征不太明显。
关键词: 前陆冲断带;滑脱层;构造变形;分层;分段;分带;控制机理;塔里木盆地
中图分类号: P54 文献标志码: A
Abstract: According to field investigation, based on typical profiles of Kuqa, southwestern Tarim and southeastern Tarim areas, the characteristics of structural deformation for the three foreland thrust belts were contrasted, and the main controlling factors of differential structural deformation were discussed. The differences of structural deformation of foreland basin around Tarim Basin are layered difference in vertical domain and segmentation and zonation differences in horizontal domain. Four detachment layers develop in Kuqa foreland thrust belt, and the differences of deep, middle and shallow tectonic styles in vertical domain are significant; three detachment layers develop in southwestern Tarim foreland thrust belt, and the layered characteristics of structure are significant; two detachment layers develop in southeastern Tarim foreland thrust belt, and contrasted with the above foreland thrust belts, the layered characteristics of structure is relatively simple. The regional tectonic stress field and basin boundary control the segmentation and zonation differences of deformation style of foreland tectonic belts. The strike of Kuqa foreland thrust belt, which is consistent with that of Tianshan tectonic belt, has obvious structural zonation; there is a certain segmentation in partial stress accommodation zones. Because of the different angles intersecting with the compression of Kunlun Mountains, the southwestern Tarim foreland thrust belt has obvious structural segmentation along the strike, and there is zonation in each segment. The southeastern Tarim foreland thrust belt is characterized by structural segmentation, which is mainly controlled by West Kunlun Mountains and Altun Tagh Mountains respectively; zonation towards the basin is not obvious.
Key words: foreland thrust belt; detachment layer; structural deformation; layered; segmentation; zonation; control mechanism; Tarim Basin
0 引 言
塔里木盆地与天山、西昆仑山、阿尔金山等构造带相邻,在盆地周缘山前相应分布有库车、塔西南和塔东南等前陆冲断带[1-4]。库车前陆冲断带已探明克拉2、依南、迪那2等油气田,是国家“西气东输”工程的主要气源地。
卢华复等对库车前陆冲断带的构造演化[5-6]、冲断变形[7-9]、分层分段特征[10-11]等做了大量的研究工作,特别是对该区特色的盐相关构造变形[12-13]、物理模型建立等进行了探讨[14-15];并从几何学和运动学角度定量分析了新生代冲断褶皱的缩短量、缩短率等[16-17]。
随着柯克亚凝析油气藏的发现,崔军文等对西昆仑山前的塔西南前陆冲断带开展了广泛研究,主要集中在构造演化[18-19]、变形样式[20-21]和变形时间[22-23]等方面,特别是对该区分段变形[24]和多套滑脱层[25]的地质认识较为深入;并以逆冲推覆、三角带构造等为具有代表性的几何特征[26]。
塔东南作为塔里木盆地油气勘察的战略新区,随着近年来研究工作逐步加强,陈汉林等对其构造演化[27-28]、走滑-冲断变形特征[29-30]、应力场[31]等进行了探讨分析,但与库车和塔西南前陆冲断带相比,该区勘探和认识程度仍然比较低。
库车、塔西南和塔东南前陆冲断带在滑脱层、变形样式、变形机理等方面存在较大差异。前人对库车和塔西南前陆冲断带开展过一些对比研究[32-34],但从差异构造变形及其控制机理角度开展库车、塔西南和塔东南前陆冲断带的对比研究仍非常薄弱。本文利用库车、塔西南和塔东南地区典型剖面等基础资料,结合野外地质调查工作,对比分析这3个前陆冲断带构造样式的剖面分层特征、平面分带和分段特征,进而探讨控制前陆冲断带差异构造变形特征的主要因素。
1 区域地质背景
库车前陆冲断带位于天山和塔里木盆地的过渡位置,呈近EW向展布,是塔里木盆地盐相关构造最为发育的地区之一。在西昆仑山前,塔西南前陆冲断带与山体的走向变化一致,呈现为巨大的弧形展布,主要有断层相关褶皱、双重构造、三角带构造等[24,26]。塔东南前陆冲断带走向近NEE,与阿尔金走滑断裂基本一致,前陆冲断带构造类型不丰富,受到阿尔金山的直接控制[32](图1)。
中新世开始,库车地区在印度与欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应下,形成了前陆盆地和前陆冲断带,与典型的前陆盆地在构造演化、沉积背景等方面有所差别,称之为再生前陆盆地[5-6];而塔里木盆地南部在经历古近纪海侵之后,在西昆仑山和阿尔金山前也分别发育自造山带向盆地的冲断构造带,总体上构成塔里木盆地南缘冲断带[32]。
2 构造-地层层序及对比分析
库车坳陷从晚二叠世开始发育,地层系统包括上二叠统、三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系、古近系、新近系和第四系(图2)[35-39]。库车坳陷的构造变形明显受滑脱层的分隔和制约,该地区存在4套主滑脱层和若干次级滑脱层。主滑脱层包括:底滑脱层,位于前中生界内部,控制基底卷入型构造的发育;下滑脱层,为上三叠统—中侏罗统煤系地层;上滑脱层,为古近系库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层,局部厚度超过3 000 m,分布范围较大;顶滑脱层,为新近系吉迪克组盐(膏)岩层,最厚约1 500 m,主要位于库车东部。其中,古近系库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层是该区最重要的滑脱层[图3(a)],塑性流动特征明显,在库车坳陷构造变形过程中起着极其重要的作用。
塔西南山前地区地层主要为上古生界和中—新生界(图2),其中,发育3套区域性滑脱层:中下寒武统底部的膏岩盐、泥岩,在前陆冲断带没有出露,但麦盖提斜坡的少量钻井已钻遇这套泥岩,地震资料也揭示出沿着该滑脱层的滑脱现象;二叠系普司格组底部与顶部泥岩;古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层,在野外特别发育[图3(b)],最大厚度超过1 000 m[34],以喀什、叶城凹陷内最发育,向周缘隆起区减薄,且砂质增多。
塔东南地区划出元古界、石炭系、二叠系、侏罗系、古近系、新近系、第四系,缺失下古生界、泥盆系、三叠系和白垩系(图2)。该区发育了2套滑脱层:下滑脱层,为侏罗纪煤系地层,厚度较大,在阿尔金北缘前陆冲断带常作为塑性层形成逆冲推覆构造;上滑脱层,为古近系库姆格列木群底部的膏泥岩,厚度不超过500 m,主要分布在民丰凹陷。
3 变形样式剖面组合特征差异性分析
在水平挤压应力作用下,库车地区主要发生冲断、褶皱,形成多种样式的挤压构造,如叠瓦逆冲构造、双重逆冲构造、背冲断块及断层相关的褶皱等;此外,还有盐相关构造样式,包括盐枕、盐墙、盐推覆等。受库车地区发育的4套滑脱层面制约,剖面上深、中、浅层构造样式分异明显(表1)。浅层构造样式以盐上大型推覆体为特征,卷入地层主要与吉迪克组和库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层相关;主要发育盐上大型推覆体,位于靠近山前的一侧,推覆体由苏维依组及以上地层组成,沿盐岩层滑脱带长距离运移形成。中层构造样式为库车标志性的大套盐相关构造,与库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层的塑性流动有关;主要发育盐枕构造,呈底平上凸的不规则三角形,盐体最大厚度超过3 000 m,此外还有盐推覆、鱼尾构造等盐相关构造样式。深层构造样式主要出现在南天山山前,以发育在前新生界的冲断构造为主;数条向北倾的逆冲断层向下在侏罗系或三叠系泥岩(煤系)中滑脱,顶部消失在古近系底部盐层中,从而形成典型的盐下叠瓦双重构造。
塔西南地区以类型丰富的挤压构造样式为主,包括推覆构造、三角带构造、双重逆冲构造、叠瓦逆冲构造等。走滑构造的特征也较明显,如齐姆根山前次级构造带,平面上呈左行雁列排布,具有右旋走滑挤压活动性质。塔西南地区沿走向的构造样式差异性很大,垂向上构造变形分层也很明显,但仍可以归纳为深、中、浅层构造特征(表2)。浅层构造多表现为逆冲推覆、断层相关褶皱等,构造地层为新生界,相关滑脱层为古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层。中层构造体现为双重逆冲构造和三角带构造,构造地层为上古生界—新生界,滑脱层分别为二叠系普司格组泥岩层和古近系膏泥岩层。在柯克亚—桑株地区,古近系底部膏岩层之下发育叠瓦式逆冲构造,底板逆冲断层沿着寒武系底面发育,顶板逆冲断层沿着古近系底部膏泥岩发育,形成叠瓦逆冲构造或三角带构造。深层构造多表现为双重逆冲构造和叠瓦构造,构造地层为古生界,涉及滑脱层为中下寒武统
塔东南地区表现为挤压逆冲兼具走滑的特点,以挤压构造最为发育,主要包括逆冲断裂带、推覆构造、背冲断块、断层相关褶皱等。如阿尔金北缘断裂在野外主要表现为向盆地方向强烈的冲断作用,在山前派生出多条NE向次级逆冲断裂,断裂带附近往往发育规模较小的走滑断层。与库车、塔西南相比,塔东南构造的分层性较简单,可以大致分为深、浅层构造样式(表3)。浅层构造涉及侏罗系以上的层位,主要是推覆构造、断层相关褶皱,构造样式较
为简单。在江尕勒萨依山前,元古界片麻岩沿侏罗纪煤系地层逆冲到中生界之上。深层构造多位于新疆民丰县的西昆仑山前,样式较为复杂,包括叠瓦构造、双重构造、背冲构造等。
4 变形样式平面组合特征差异性分析
分带差异构造变形一般都受大型断裂带控制,库车坳陷在平面上的构造分带性是一个鲜明的特色。在库车前陆冲断带,受南天山山前断裂带、克拉苏—依奇克里克断裂带和秋里塔格断裂带的控制,从造山带往前陆方向可分为北部冲断带、克拉苏—依奇克里克叠加逆冲带、拜城—阳霞凹陷带、秋里塔格盐相关构造带、南部平缓背斜带等,局部具有构造分段差异性(图4)。北部冲断带为南天山山前第1排构造带,下伏为一系列向南冲断的北倾断裂。克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带为南天山山前第2排构造带,包括西侧的克拉苏双重构造和断层褶皱叠加逆冲段以及东侧的依奇克里克断层相关褶皱叠加逆冲段。拜城—阳霞凹陷带纵剖面上呈向斜形态, 中、新生界沉积厚度巨大。秋里塔格盐相关构造带处于冲断带前缘,为南天山山前第3排构造带,横向上盐层及上覆层发育的构造样式具有明显的差别(图4中A-A′、B-B′、C-C′剖面)。该构造带由西向东可分为却勒深部逆冲和盐推覆叠加段、西秋里塔格深部逆冲和三角带叠加构造段、东秋里塔格断层传播褶皱叠加段等。南部平缓背斜带仅分布于前陆盆地的东部南缘斜坡上,在地表形成幅度较小的背斜。
塔西南坳陷呈弧形展布,沿走向上体现出明显的构造分段性,自西向东可以划分为帕米尔北缘弧形逆冲段、齐姆根走滑-挤压段、柯克亚—桑株逆冲段和皮亚曼—和田南逆冲推覆段等4个构造段(图5)。帕米尔北缘弧形逆冲段平面上呈NW向弧形展布,东南与齐姆根走滑-挤压段相邻,该段存在乌依塔格北逆冲推覆、断层相关褶皱叠加构造带以及乌泊尔断背斜构造两排构造带(图5中G-G′剖面)。齐姆根走滑-挤压段按照局部特征划分为阿克陶—英吉莎断层相关褶皱和冲起构造叠加构造带、苏盖特三角带叠加构造带、棋北鼻状构造等3个构造带,平面上呈左行雁列排布,具有右旋走滑-挤压活动性质(图5中H-H′、I-I′剖面)。
柯克亚—桑株逆冲段位于西昆仑山前冲断带的中东部,西部呈NWW向,向东转为近EW向。按其空间组合,该段向盆地方向可划分为甫沙—桑株三角带和单斜构造带、柯克亚双重构造和被动滑脱叠加构造带、固满—合什塔格断褶带3个构造带(图5中J-J′剖面)。
皮亚曼—和田南逆冲推覆段位于西昆仑前陆冲断带的东部,近EW向展布,与主压应力方向近于垂直,具有冲断构造和推覆体叠加性质。其中,皮亚曼构造带由上、下两个楔状体构成叠加背斜(图5中K-K′剖面),和田南背斜带由断坡背斜和生长地层组成(图5中L-L′剖面)。
塔东南地区构造也表现出一定的分段性和分带性特征,主要与阿尔金山和西昆仑山的作用有关。民丰走滑-挤压段的形成主要与西昆仑造山带向北挤压作用有关,发育有叠瓦逆冲构造和三角带等(图6中M-M′、N-N′剖面);往盆地方向发育民南鼻状构造、民丰断背斜、于田断背斜等3个构造带,在西昆仑、阿尔金联合作用的扭压应力场下与阿尔金山NE走向斜交。周新源等认为阿其克构造也是这2个不同冲断带相互转换的产物[32]。若羌逆冲推覆段与阿尔金构造带平行展布,受阿尔金北缘断裂冲断影响,主要以逆冲推覆为特征。相对于南天山、西昆仑山来说,阿尔金北缘冲断带规模不大,冲断作用影响的范围较小(图7),向盆地方向分别为若羌背冲构造带和若北弱变形构造带(图6中O-O′、P-P′剖面)。
5 差异构造变形机理分析
塔里木盆地周缘前陆剖面和平面变形特征的差异性受滑脱层、区域构造应力场、盆地边界等因素的控制。
滑脱层的物性、展布范围等控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分层差异。库车地区库姆格列木组盐(膏)主要分布在中、西部,厚度较大,塑性变形强烈,构造样式分层特征明显。塔西南前陆冲断带沿走向构造变形丰富多样,没有统一的分层结构特征。区内以古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层和二叠系普司格组泥岩两套滑脱层为主,相对于库车膏盐层厚度来说较小,尽管无法形成大规模的盐相关构造,但为该区三角带和双重构造等具有代表特征变形样式的发育提供了必要条件。相比之下,塔东南地区古近系膏岩层分布局限,而侏罗系煤系地层的塑性流动比较低,滑脱层发育情况不如库车、塔西南地区,构造分层性不太明显。
区域构造应力场和盆地边界等控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分段、分带差异。库车坳陷与天山构造带走向一致,与SN向挤压方向垂直,以强烈的逆冲推覆作用为主。在膏盐岩等塑性层的传递下,挤压应力和构造变形向盆地方向扩展,使该区具有明显的构造分带性;由于SN向变形的非均质性,致使局部产生差异挤压应力场,形成SN向走滑作用等调节构造,所以该区也表现出一定的构造分段性差异。受帕米尔突刺强力挤入的影响,西昆仑山在塔西南坳陷的构造应力存在EW向差异[26]:沿走向自西向东,塔西南各构造段与西昆仑山的挤压应力分别呈垂直、平行、斜交等夹角关系,派生不同性质应力场,剖面上表现为逆冲推覆的变形差异;各构造段向盆地方向递进变形,在各段存在分带差异。塔东南坳陷民丰凹陷在西昆仑山前主要表现为强烈的逆冲推覆,同时具有扭压特征,其挤压应力与邻近塔西南和田段具有可比性。新生代以来,阿尔金断裂发生大规模左行走滑,呈NE向线性展布,其北侧塔东南地区具有一定的走滑特征和构造分段特征;若羌山前受阿尔金北缘断裂的冲断作用而强烈变形,但向盆地方向的扩展范围有限,其褶皱冲断带的规模与强度皆不及库车和塔西南地区,构造分带性也不明显。
6 结 语
(1)库车坳陷库姆格列木组盐(膏)厚度大,塑性流动强,变形样式以盐相关构造、叠瓦逆冲等挤压构造为主,剖面上构造分层变形特征明显;塔西南坳陷则有古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层和二叠系普司格组泥岩两套主力滑脱层系,构造样式以三角带构造、双重逆冲构造等为主,同样体现出深、中、浅3种层次的构造差异性;塔东南地区滑脱层发育情况相对较差,该区以逆冲推覆、断层相关褶皱、背冲和对冲断块等为特征,分层差异性不太明显。
(2)区域构造应力场和盆地边界等则控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分段、分带差异。库车坳陷与天山SN向挤压垂直,构造变形通过膏盐岩等塑性层的传递,使该区具有明显的构造分带性;塔西南坳陷沿走向与昆仑山挤压方向呈不同角度相交,因此构造样式体现出逆冲推覆的变形差异;塔东南坳陷民丰凹陷在西昆仑山和阿尔金山的联合作用下,主要表现为强烈的逆冲推覆,同时具有扭压特征;若羌山前受阿尔金北缘断裂的冲断作用而强烈变形,但其规模与强度有限,向盆地方向的分带特征不太明显。
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摘 要: 利用库车、塔西南和塔东南地区典型剖面等基础资料,结合野外地质调查,对比分析三大前陆冲断带构造变形特征,进一步探讨控制前陆冲断带差异变形特征的主要因素。塔里木盆地周缘前陆盆地构造变形的差异性主要体现在剖面上的分层差异性和平面上的分带、分段差异性。库车前陆冲断带发育4套滑脱层,剖面上深、中、浅层构造样式差异明显;塔西南前陆冲断带发育3套滑脱层,构造分层特征较为明显;塔东南前陆冲断带发育2套滑脱层,构造的分层性与库车、塔西南前陆冲断带比较则相对简单。区域构造应力场、盆地边界等则控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分段、分带差异。库车前陆冲断带与天山构造带走向一致,具有明显的构造分带性,在局部应力调节处表现出一定的构造分段性差异;塔西南前陆冲断带与昆仑山挤压方向呈不同角度相交,沿走向上体现出明显的构造分段性,在各段存在分带差异;塔东南前陆冲断带构造分段性明显,分别与西昆仑山和阿尔金山的主控作用有关,向盆地方向分带特征不太明显。
关键词: 前陆冲断带;滑脱层;构造变形;分层;分段;分带;控制机理;塔里木盆地
中图分类号: P54 文献标志码: A
Abstract: According to field investigation, based on typical profiles of Kuqa, southwestern Tarim and southeastern Tarim areas, the characteristics of structural deformation for the three foreland thrust belts were contrasted, and the main controlling factors of differential structural deformation were discussed. The differences of structural deformation of foreland basin around Tarim Basin are layered difference in vertical domain and segmentation and zonation differences in horizontal domain. Four detachment layers develop in Kuqa foreland thrust belt, and the differences of deep, middle and shallow tectonic styles in vertical domain are significant; three detachment layers develop in southwestern Tarim foreland thrust belt, and the layered characteristics of structure are significant; two detachment layers develop in southeastern Tarim foreland thrust belt, and contrasted with the above foreland thrust belts, the layered characteristics of structure is relatively simple. The regional tectonic stress field and basin boundary control the segmentation and zonation differences of deformation style of foreland tectonic belts. The strike of Kuqa foreland thrust belt, which is consistent with that of Tianshan tectonic belt, has obvious structural zonation; there is a certain segmentation in partial stress accommodation zones. Because of the different angles intersecting with the compression of Kunlun Mountains, the southwestern Tarim foreland thrust belt has obvious structural segmentation along the strike, and there is zonation in each segment. The southeastern Tarim foreland thrust belt is characterized by structural segmentation, which is mainly controlled by West Kunlun Mountains and Altun Tagh Mountains respectively; zonation towards the basin is not obvious.
Key words: foreland thrust belt; detachment layer; structural deformation; layered; segmentation; zonation; control mechanism; Tarim Basin
0 引 言
塔里木盆地与天山、西昆仑山、阿尔金山等构造带相邻,在盆地周缘山前相应分布有库车、塔西南和塔东南等前陆冲断带[1-4]。库车前陆冲断带已探明克拉2、依南、迪那2等油气田,是国家“西气东输”工程的主要气源地。
卢华复等对库车前陆冲断带的构造演化[5-6]、冲断变形[7-9]、分层分段特征[10-11]等做了大量的研究工作,特别是对该区特色的盐相关构造变形[12-13]、物理模型建立等进行了探讨[14-15];并从几何学和运动学角度定量分析了新生代冲断褶皱的缩短量、缩短率等[16-17]。
随着柯克亚凝析油气藏的发现,崔军文等对西昆仑山前的塔西南前陆冲断带开展了广泛研究,主要集中在构造演化[18-19]、变形样式[20-21]和变形时间[22-23]等方面,特别是对该区分段变形[24]和多套滑脱层[25]的地质认识较为深入;并以逆冲推覆、三角带构造等为具有代表性的几何特征[26]。
塔东南作为塔里木盆地油气勘察的战略新区,随着近年来研究工作逐步加强,陈汉林等对其构造演化[27-28]、走滑-冲断变形特征[29-30]、应力场[31]等进行了探讨分析,但与库车和塔西南前陆冲断带相比,该区勘探和认识程度仍然比较低。
库车、塔西南和塔东南前陆冲断带在滑脱层、变形样式、变形机理等方面存在较大差异。前人对库车和塔西南前陆冲断带开展过一些对比研究[32-34],但从差异构造变形及其控制机理角度开展库车、塔西南和塔东南前陆冲断带的对比研究仍非常薄弱。本文利用库车、塔西南和塔东南地区典型剖面等基础资料,结合野外地质调查工作,对比分析这3个前陆冲断带构造样式的剖面分层特征、平面分带和分段特征,进而探讨控制前陆冲断带差异构造变形特征的主要因素。
1 区域地质背景
库车前陆冲断带位于天山和塔里木盆地的过渡位置,呈近EW向展布,是塔里木盆地盐相关构造最为发育的地区之一。在西昆仑山前,塔西南前陆冲断带与山体的走向变化一致,呈现为巨大的弧形展布,主要有断层相关褶皱、双重构造、三角带构造等[24,26]。塔东南前陆冲断带走向近NEE,与阿尔金走滑断裂基本一致,前陆冲断带构造类型不丰富,受到阿尔金山的直接控制[32](图1)。
中新世开始,库车地区在印度与欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应下,形成了前陆盆地和前陆冲断带,与典型的前陆盆地在构造演化、沉积背景等方面有所差别,称之为再生前陆盆地[5-6];而塔里木盆地南部在经历古近纪海侵之后,在西昆仑山和阿尔金山前也分别发育自造山带向盆地的冲断构造带,总体上构成塔里木盆地南缘冲断带[32]。
2 构造-地层层序及对比分析
库车坳陷从晚二叠世开始发育,地层系统包括上二叠统、三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系、古近系、新近系和第四系(图2)[35-39]。库车坳陷的构造变形明显受滑脱层的分隔和制约,该地区存在4套主滑脱层和若干次级滑脱层。主滑脱层包括:底滑脱层,位于前中生界内部,控制基底卷入型构造的发育;下滑脱层,为上三叠统—中侏罗统煤系地层;上滑脱层,为古近系库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层,局部厚度超过3 000 m,分布范围较大;顶滑脱层,为新近系吉迪克组盐(膏)岩层,最厚约1 500 m,主要位于库车东部。其中,古近系库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层是该区最重要的滑脱层[图3(a)],塑性流动特征明显,在库车坳陷构造变形过程中起着极其重要的作用。
塔西南山前地区地层主要为上古生界和中—新生界(图2),其中,发育3套区域性滑脱层:中下寒武统底部的膏岩盐、泥岩,在前陆冲断带没有出露,但麦盖提斜坡的少量钻井已钻遇这套泥岩,地震资料也揭示出沿着该滑脱层的滑脱现象;二叠系普司格组底部与顶部泥岩;古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层,在野外特别发育[图3(b)],最大厚度超过1 000 m[34],以喀什、叶城凹陷内最发育,向周缘隆起区减薄,且砂质增多。
塔东南地区划出元古界、石炭系、二叠系、侏罗系、古近系、新近系、第四系,缺失下古生界、泥盆系、三叠系和白垩系(图2)。该区发育了2套滑脱层:下滑脱层,为侏罗纪煤系地层,厚度较大,在阿尔金北缘前陆冲断带常作为塑性层形成逆冲推覆构造;上滑脱层,为古近系库姆格列木群底部的膏泥岩,厚度不超过500 m,主要分布在民丰凹陷。
3 变形样式剖面组合特征差异性分析
在水平挤压应力作用下,库车地区主要发生冲断、褶皱,形成多种样式的挤压构造,如叠瓦逆冲构造、双重逆冲构造、背冲断块及断层相关的褶皱等;此外,还有盐相关构造样式,包括盐枕、盐墙、盐推覆等。受库车地区发育的4套滑脱层面制约,剖面上深、中、浅层构造样式分异明显(表1)。浅层构造样式以盐上大型推覆体为特征,卷入地层主要与吉迪克组和库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层相关;主要发育盐上大型推覆体,位于靠近山前的一侧,推覆体由苏维依组及以上地层组成,沿盐岩层滑脱带长距离运移形成。中层构造样式为库车标志性的大套盐相关构造,与库姆格列木组盐(膏)岩层的塑性流动有关;主要发育盐枕构造,呈底平上凸的不规则三角形,盐体最大厚度超过3 000 m,此外还有盐推覆、鱼尾构造等盐相关构造样式。深层构造样式主要出现在南天山山前,以发育在前新生界的冲断构造为主;数条向北倾的逆冲断层向下在侏罗系或三叠系泥岩(煤系)中滑脱,顶部消失在古近系底部盐层中,从而形成典型的盐下叠瓦双重构造。
塔西南地区以类型丰富的挤压构造样式为主,包括推覆构造、三角带构造、双重逆冲构造、叠瓦逆冲构造等。走滑构造的特征也较明显,如齐姆根山前次级构造带,平面上呈左行雁列排布,具有右旋走滑挤压活动性质。塔西南地区沿走向的构造样式差异性很大,垂向上构造变形分层也很明显,但仍可以归纳为深、中、浅层构造特征(表2)。浅层构造多表现为逆冲推覆、断层相关褶皱等,构造地层为新生界,相关滑脱层为古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层。中层构造体现为双重逆冲构造和三角带构造,构造地层为上古生界—新生界,滑脱层分别为二叠系普司格组泥岩层和古近系膏泥岩层。在柯克亚—桑株地区,古近系底部膏岩层之下发育叠瓦式逆冲构造,底板逆冲断层沿着寒武系底面发育,顶板逆冲断层沿着古近系底部膏泥岩发育,形成叠瓦逆冲构造或三角带构造。深层构造多表现为双重逆冲构造和叠瓦构造,构造地层为古生界,涉及滑脱层为中下寒武统
塔东南地区表现为挤压逆冲兼具走滑的特点,以挤压构造最为发育,主要包括逆冲断裂带、推覆构造、背冲断块、断层相关褶皱等。如阿尔金北缘断裂在野外主要表现为向盆地方向强烈的冲断作用,在山前派生出多条NE向次级逆冲断裂,断裂带附近往往发育规模较小的走滑断层。与库车、塔西南相比,塔东南构造的分层性较简单,可以大致分为深、浅层构造样式(表3)。浅层构造涉及侏罗系以上的层位,主要是推覆构造、断层相关褶皱,构造样式较
为简单。在江尕勒萨依山前,元古界片麻岩沿侏罗纪煤系地层逆冲到中生界之上。深层构造多位于新疆民丰县的西昆仑山前,样式较为复杂,包括叠瓦构造、双重构造、背冲构造等。
4 变形样式平面组合特征差异性分析
分带差异构造变形一般都受大型断裂带控制,库车坳陷在平面上的构造分带性是一个鲜明的特色。在库车前陆冲断带,受南天山山前断裂带、克拉苏—依奇克里克断裂带和秋里塔格断裂带的控制,从造山带往前陆方向可分为北部冲断带、克拉苏—依奇克里克叠加逆冲带、拜城—阳霞凹陷带、秋里塔格盐相关构造带、南部平缓背斜带等,局部具有构造分段差异性(图4)。北部冲断带为南天山山前第1排构造带,下伏为一系列向南冲断的北倾断裂。克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带为南天山山前第2排构造带,包括西侧的克拉苏双重构造和断层褶皱叠加逆冲段以及东侧的依奇克里克断层相关褶皱叠加逆冲段。拜城—阳霞凹陷带纵剖面上呈向斜形态, 中、新生界沉积厚度巨大。秋里塔格盐相关构造带处于冲断带前缘,为南天山山前第3排构造带,横向上盐层及上覆层发育的构造样式具有明显的差别(图4中A-A′、B-B′、C-C′剖面)。该构造带由西向东可分为却勒深部逆冲和盐推覆叠加段、西秋里塔格深部逆冲和三角带叠加构造段、东秋里塔格断层传播褶皱叠加段等。南部平缓背斜带仅分布于前陆盆地的东部南缘斜坡上,在地表形成幅度较小的背斜。
塔西南坳陷呈弧形展布,沿走向上体现出明显的构造分段性,自西向东可以划分为帕米尔北缘弧形逆冲段、齐姆根走滑-挤压段、柯克亚—桑株逆冲段和皮亚曼—和田南逆冲推覆段等4个构造段(图5)。帕米尔北缘弧形逆冲段平面上呈NW向弧形展布,东南与齐姆根走滑-挤压段相邻,该段存在乌依塔格北逆冲推覆、断层相关褶皱叠加构造带以及乌泊尔断背斜构造两排构造带(图5中G-G′剖面)。齐姆根走滑-挤压段按照局部特征划分为阿克陶—英吉莎断层相关褶皱和冲起构造叠加构造带、苏盖特三角带叠加构造带、棋北鼻状构造等3个构造带,平面上呈左行雁列排布,具有右旋走滑-挤压活动性质(图5中H-H′、I-I′剖面)。
柯克亚—桑株逆冲段位于西昆仑山前冲断带的中东部,西部呈NWW向,向东转为近EW向。按其空间组合,该段向盆地方向可划分为甫沙—桑株三角带和单斜构造带、柯克亚双重构造和被动滑脱叠加构造带、固满—合什塔格断褶带3个构造带(图5中J-J′剖面)。
皮亚曼—和田南逆冲推覆段位于西昆仑前陆冲断带的东部,近EW向展布,与主压应力方向近于垂直,具有冲断构造和推覆体叠加性质。其中,皮亚曼构造带由上、下两个楔状体构成叠加背斜(图5中K-K′剖面),和田南背斜带由断坡背斜和生长地层组成(图5中L-L′剖面)。
塔东南地区构造也表现出一定的分段性和分带性特征,主要与阿尔金山和西昆仑山的作用有关。民丰走滑-挤压段的形成主要与西昆仑造山带向北挤压作用有关,发育有叠瓦逆冲构造和三角带等(图6中M-M′、N-N′剖面);往盆地方向发育民南鼻状构造、民丰断背斜、于田断背斜等3个构造带,在西昆仑、阿尔金联合作用的扭压应力场下与阿尔金山NE走向斜交。周新源等认为阿其克构造也是这2个不同冲断带相互转换的产物[32]。若羌逆冲推覆段与阿尔金构造带平行展布,受阿尔金北缘断裂冲断影响,主要以逆冲推覆为特征。相对于南天山、西昆仑山来说,阿尔金北缘冲断带规模不大,冲断作用影响的范围较小(图7),向盆地方向分别为若羌背冲构造带和若北弱变形构造带(图6中O-O′、P-P′剖面)。
5 差异构造变形机理分析
塔里木盆地周缘前陆剖面和平面变形特征的差异性受滑脱层、区域构造应力场、盆地边界等因素的控制。
滑脱层的物性、展布范围等控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分层差异。库车地区库姆格列木组盐(膏)主要分布在中、西部,厚度较大,塑性变形强烈,构造样式分层特征明显。塔西南前陆冲断带沿走向构造变形丰富多样,没有统一的分层结构特征。区内以古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层和二叠系普司格组泥岩两套滑脱层为主,相对于库车膏盐层厚度来说较小,尽管无法形成大规模的盐相关构造,但为该区三角带和双重构造等具有代表特征变形样式的发育提供了必要条件。相比之下,塔东南地区古近系膏岩层分布局限,而侏罗系煤系地层的塑性流动比较低,滑脱层发育情况不如库车、塔西南地区,构造分层性不太明显。
区域构造应力场和盆地边界等控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分段、分带差异。库车坳陷与天山构造带走向一致,与SN向挤压方向垂直,以强烈的逆冲推覆作用为主。在膏盐岩等塑性层的传递下,挤压应力和构造变形向盆地方向扩展,使该区具有明显的构造分带性;由于SN向变形的非均质性,致使局部产生差异挤压应力场,形成SN向走滑作用等调节构造,所以该区也表现出一定的构造分段性差异。受帕米尔突刺强力挤入的影响,西昆仑山在塔西南坳陷的构造应力存在EW向差异[26]:沿走向自西向东,塔西南各构造段与西昆仑山的挤压应力分别呈垂直、平行、斜交等夹角关系,派生不同性质应力场,剖面上表现为逆冲推覆的变形差异;各构造段向盆地方向递进变形,在各段存在分带差异。塔东南坳陷民丰凹陷在西昆仑山前主要表现为强烈的逆冲推覆,同时具有扭压特征,其挤压应力与邻近塔西南和田段具有可比性。新生代以来,阿尔金断裂发生大规模左行走滑,呈NE向线性展布,其北侧塔东南地区具有一定的走滑特征和构造分段特征;若羌山前受阿尔金北缘断裂的冲断作用而强烈变形,但向盆地方向的扩展范围有限,其褶皱冲断带的规模与强度皆不及库车和塔西南地区,构造分带性也不明显。
6 结 语
(1)库车坳陷库姆格列木组盐(膏)厚度大,塑性流动强,变形样式以盐相关构造、叠瓦逆冲等挤压构造为主,剖面上构造分层变形特征明显;塔西南坳陷则有古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩层和二叠系普司格组泥岩两套主力滑脱层系,构造样式以三角带构造、双重逆冲构造等为主,同样体现出深、中、浅3种层次的构造差异性;塔东南地区滑脱层发育情况相对较差,该区以逆冲推覆、断层相关褶皱、背冲和对冲断块等为特征,分层差异性不太明显。
(2)区域构造应力场和盆地边界等则控制了前陆冲断带变形样式的分段、分带差异。库车坳陷与天山SN向挤压垂直,构造变形通过膏盐岩等塑性层的传递,使该区具有明显的构造分带性;塔西南坳陷沿走向与昆仑山挤压方向呈不同角度相交,因此构造样式体现出逆冲推覆的变形差异;塔东南坳陷民丰凹陷在西昆仑山和阿尔金山的联合作用下,主要表现为强烈的逆冲推覆,同时具有扭压特征;若羌山前受阿尔金北缘断裂的冲断作用而强烈变形,但其规模与强度有限,向盆地方向的分带特征不太明显。
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