| 标题 | 阅读理解中信息定位的八个技巧 |
| 范文 | 刘璐 我们知道，任何一道阅读题，无论深浅难易，在文中一定能找到依據。解题时，找到依据在文中出现的位置，叫信息定位。考生如能准确定位，正确选项会较为明显，其余选项也几乎不构成干扰，因此，又快又准地进行信息定位非常重要。以下是笔者总结的八个定位技巧。 一、用专有名词定位 因人名、地名、组织机构名等专有名词，首字通常要大写，在文中很容易辨认出来，因此，可利用专有名词在文中迅速定位。如： [例1]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 22. When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra？ A. February. B. May. C. August. D. November. 解题过程：用题干中的专有名词Chamber Orchestra定位，在文中找到下列段落： Chamber Orchestra： The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street， which offers several concerts from March through June. Call 723-1182 for more information. http：www.chamberoch.com. 又因本题是问时间，具体依据为which offers several concerts from March through June；比较各选项，只有选项B符合from March through June，故选B。 二、用主题名词定位 就是用题干中能体现该句主题或中心的名词作为定位词，在文中迅速定位。 [例2]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe？ A. Two strangers joined her. B. Her childhood friends came in. C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner. D. Some people held a party there. 解题过程：本题问Welty和朋友在café餐馆里发生了什么。我们用café作为定位词，在文中找到下列段落： On one of her trips to New York several years ago， Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes， another customer was approaching their table. “Hey， arent you from Mississippi？”the elegant， white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “Im from Mississippi too.” Without a second thought， the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair. “They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didnt know what my New York friends were thinking.” Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave， it was pouring outside. Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel， her big city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion（团聚）. 顺着café往下读，然后对比各选项，可知A项正确。B项和D项无中生有，C项“大雨搞砸了晚餐”与文中By the time the group got up to leave， it was pouring outside.（吃完饭起身要离开时，外面下着大雨）不符。 三、用主题动词定位 就是用题干中能体现该句主题或中心的动词作为定位词，在文中迅速定位。 [例3]2014年全国Ⅱ卷 15. Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro？ A. 202-962-1195 B. 202-962-1100 C. 202-637-7000 D. 202-637-8000 解题过程：本题问如果你在地铁丢失了东西应拨打哪个号码，能体现本句中心思想的应是“丢失”东西，故用lose作为定位词，在文中找到： If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station， please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195. 将202-962-1195对比各选项，只有选项A正确。 四、用生词难词定位 就是用题干中出现的生词、难词、长词等作为定位词，在文中迅速定位。 [例4]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 29. What can we learn about Decio？ A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look. C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste. 解题过程：题干中Decio这个词是我们不认识的生词（其实也是主题名词、也是大写开头的专有名词），可以将其作为定位词，在文中找到： To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye-opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesnt taste of anything special， its still worth a try... 理解该句“能看到大量经典品种的苹果依然存在，如罗马人曾种植的Decio，确实令人大开眼界”，“依然存在”说明“现在极少见到了”，对比各选项，只有选项C正确。 五、用缩略词定位 因缩略词通常是以大写字母的形式出现，在文中很容易辨认，如果题干中出现了缩略词，我们可将其作为定位词，在文中迅速定位。 [例5]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 23. Where can students go for free performances with their ID cards？ A. Music Hall. B. Memorial Hall. C. Patricia Cobbett Theater. D. Riverbend Music Theater. 解题过程：用题干中的缩略词ID（是identification或identity的缩略词）作为定位词，在文中迅速找到： College Conservatory of Music（CCM）： Performances are on the main campus（校园）of the university， usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater.... Students with ID cards can attend the events for free. 对比各选项，只有选项C正确。 六、用时间数字定位 因表示时间的词或是阿拉伯数字在文中极易辨认，如果题干中出现了表示时间的词或数字，可将其作为定位词。 [例6]2016年全国Ⅰ卷 27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？ A. They were unsure of raise more children. B. They were eager to raise more children. C. They wanted to live away from their parents. D. They had little respect for their grandparents. 解題过程：用题干中的1960作为定位词，在文中找到： “In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，”says Christine Crosby， publisher of Grate magazine for grandparents. 理解句意“在20世纪60年代，我们都有点轻狂，想离家越远越好，越快越好，来证明我们自己能独立。”对比各选项，只有选项C正确。 七、用特殊符号定位 若题干中有带引号或连字符号的词，可将其作为定位词。 [例7]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Bergers research？ A. Sports news. B. Science articles. C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews. 解题过程：用题干中的most e-mailed作为定位词，在文中找到： He and a Penn colleague analyzed the“most e-mailed”list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. 理解句意“Berger和他的同事们分析了六个月里被读者通过邮件发送分享最多的文章，发现之一是科学版块的文章远比非科学版块的文章更容易进入此列。”对比各选项，只有选项B正确。 八、用命题顺序定位 所谓命题顺序是指命题人会根据文章中信息出现的先后依次命制各个小题。因此，在同一篇文章下面的各个小题，其答题信息点会在文中从上到下或从前到后依次出现。 [例8]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe？ 26. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Weltys ________. 27. What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction？ A. They live in big cities. B. They are mostly women. C. They come from real life. D. They are pleasure seekers. 解题过程：第27题排在三个小题的末尾，其在文中对应的信息也很可能在文章的最后段落： On one of her trips to New York several years ago， Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner... … Beauticians， bartenders， piano players and people with purple hats， Weltys people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends， from walks through the streets of her native Jackson， Miss.， from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that， at 78， her left ear has now given out. Sometimes， sitting on a bus or a train， she hears only a fragment（片断）of a particularly interesting story. 根据最后一段中的Weltys people come from...from...from...可知，Welty的小说中的人物都来自现实生活，故选C。 [例9]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to？ A. News reports. B. Research papers. C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations. 33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer？ 34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Bergers research？ 35. What can be a suitable title for the text？ 解題过程：第32题排在四个小题的最前面，其在文中出现的对应信息点也应在文中最先出现。本文有四个自然段，四个小题，有可能是一段一题，排在第一题的第32题的答题信息就很可能会出现在第一自然段，这是用命题顺序定位。同时也可用主题名词the classic rules定位。同样在第一段中找到： Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （监控） in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules. 理解句意“坏消息最好卖，流血事件会成头条，好消息不算消息，这些是传统的规则适用于晚间广播和早报。”本题问传统规则适用于什么，显然只有选项A“新闻报道”正确。News reports是对the evening broadcasts and the morning papers的概括。 顺便说说，“根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义”这类题通常在题干中写明在哪一段，且在文中也会用下画线标明，就无需再定位了。 [例10]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 30. What does the underlined phrase“a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean？ A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope. C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire. 解题过程：题干中已明确告知在第3段了，直接到第三段找到： There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette， but youll need a warm， sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it， so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. 在文中也用下画线标明了。理解句意“还有许多品种是为适合当地具体条件而培育出来的。味道最好的品种之一就是Orleans Reinette，但是它需要有温暖、隐蔽的环境，且在良好的土壤中才可种植，因此，对大多数喜爱它的苹果爱好者来说，它只不过是a pipe dream。”不难推断是“白日梦”，故选B。 此外，写作目的题和主旨大意题，通常排在该篇文章中几个小题的最后，其信息点可能出现在首段或尾段，或首尾段都有，特别是首尾段的首尾句。 [例11]2016年全国Ⅲ卷 35. What can be a suitable title for the text？ A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B. Online News Attracts More People C. Reading Habits Change with the Times D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 解题过程：本题要求考生给文章选适合的标题，属主旨题，一般说来应在首、尾段： Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored（监控）in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts， scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. … Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny， or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety， but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused （激發）one way or the other， and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article， the more likely it was to be shared， as Dr. Berger explains in his new book，“Contagious： Why Things Catch On.” 由首段末句和尾段末句可知，“在社交网上好消息胜于坏消息”，故选D。 责任编辑 蒋小青 |
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