标题 | 土地利用政策与盐碱地农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿研究 |
范文 | 徐慧 黄贤金 摘要合理完善的农田排灌水利设施是盐碱耕地有效的排盐降碱的基本保障。本文基于山东省垦利县、吉林省镇赉县、新疆察布查尔县等我国3个典型盐碱地区域8乡(镇)14村的468户农户的入户问卷调查,以农村土地利用政策为切入点,运用二元Logistic模型,分析了盐碱地农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿及驱动机制。结果表明:①扩大盐碱耕地经营规模、增加块均耕地面积、降低耕地细碎化程度,稳定土地承包经营权,能提高农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿。②水资源保证率越低,水费占农业生产总投入的比重越大,农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿越强。在农田水利设施占用农户耕地的情形下,农田水利设施完备度与农户参与意愿正相关。③土地综合整治以及中低产田改造等政府对农田水利设施投入对农户参与意愿具有一定的催化作用。因此,为促进盐碱地农业持续利用,针对已经发包的盐碱耕地,建议通过土地流转,实现存量盐碱耕地适度规模化经营。针对新增盐碱耕地,建议在土地发包过程中适度扩大单块耕地面积。探索性的实施盐碱地承包经营权长期不变,有助于稳定农户生产预期,促进农户长期投入。建立农业灌溉用水的资源管理机制,完善小型农田水利设施配套及管理制度,适度提高水费征收标准,对于提高农户参与意愿、促进水资源合理利用及盐碱地农业持续发展也具有重要意义。 关键词土地利用政策;农田水利设施;盐碱耕地;农户意愿 中图分类号F205 F321.1文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)03-0154-07doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201403022 土壤盐渍化是世界农业可持续发展面临的主要环境问题之一。为满足粮食需求,盐碱地开发利用为许多国家和地区所重视。我国盐碱地面积大、类型多,广泛分布在干旱、半干旱和半湿润地区[1]。大量科学研究和生产实践表明,根据水盐运动规律,运用不同农田水利工程,建立完善的灌溉和排水系统是调节区域水盐平衡、控制盐分积聚、治理盐碱耕地、防范次生盐渍化发生的重要措施[2-3]。 农田水利设施投资回报周期长、回报率低,国家和政府是主要投资主体,私人资金很少投入,因此农田水利设施具有公益性。但农田水利设施的使用具有公开获取性及非排他性,因此用水户之间竞争性和拥挤性特点突出。农户作为理性经济人,其生产经营活动要么力求使私人边际成本等于私人边际收益,要么向外部转嫁成本,但不会自己承担外部成本,因此在公共财政扶持不足的情况下,农田水利设施供给结构扭曲、灌排设施老化,末级渠系和田间工程短缺,这成为制约盐碱地农业持续发展的重要因素。农田水利设施建设及管理的农户参与愿意受到多种因素综合影响,农户自身特征、土地资源特征、农业收益、粮食补贴政策[4]以及水资源特征和农田水利设施产权[5-6]等因素驱动机制研究已经引起相关学者重视,已有成果对本研究起到了重要支撑作用。 本研究以黄河三角洲山东省垦利县、松嫩平原西部吉林省镇赉县、伊犁河谷地区新疆察布查尔县为研究区域,通过对3省14村468户农户调研发现,农村土地制度及其诱致因子对农户农田水利设施管理参与意愿影响比较明显。本研究在综合农户参与农田水利设施管理意愿的传统影响因素的基础上,探讨土地利用政策对农户意愿的影响机理,这对土地管理制度创新,促进盐碱耕地资源持续利用具有重要意义。 1盐碱地农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿驱动因子1.1农户特征 农户特征主要包括户主年龄、教育水平、家庭劳动力数量、农业收入等。首先,户主不同年龄、不同受教育水平以及家庭劳动力资源禀赋的差异等会造成农户对水利设施与盐碱地改良及持续利用关系的认知有可能不同,并进一步影响农户农田水利设施管理参与意愿。其次,农业收入比较效益低,在一定程度上可能抑制农民在农田水利设施建设中参与积极性,如果农户家庭总收入中农业收入所占比重越大,农民可能越愿意参与农田水利设施管理[7]。 1.2水资源及利用管理政策 该因素主要包括水资源、水费、农田水利设施完备程度及其产权等因子。水资源稀缺程度是影响农户农田水利设施管理参与意愿的基本内生因素[5,8]。一般情况下,水资源越短缺,农户越倾向于选择节水型水资源利用行为。相反,随着水资源短缺程度的减缓,农户灌溉行为受水资源约束逐渐越小,灌溉用水量可能会显著增加[9]。征收水费可以使农户充分考虑机会成本,刺激农户参与农田水利设施管理,优化水资源配置与利用效率[10]。农田水利设施的完备程度直接影响从水源到田间输送过程中渠系水利用率,责权明晰的水利设施管理制度有利于催生农户自主治理灌溉事物的行动[11-12]。 1.3农村土地利用政策及其诱致因子 农村家庭承包经营制度长久不变的土地产权制度在兼顾耕地公平分配的同时,也带来了耕地细碎化,这与农田水利设施耕地占用的规模性和公共性不匹配。由于盐碱地改良水利工程技术整体性强,需要区域共同实施,小规模的单个农户无法采用,或者即使能用也因成本过高或效益外溢不得不放弃[13],因此农村土地分户经营的模式与农田水利设施管理体制已不相适应[6],农户不可能独立解决农田水利的供给[14]。一般情况下,每块耕地面积越大,越有可能提高农户农田水利设施管理参与意愿。但土地流转在降低耕地细碎化程度的同时,也会带来土地调整频繁、承包期较短等问题,这也可能不利于农户农田水利工程建设与管理的持续投入。同时,但也有研究认为由于农田水利设施投资成本的分担和利益的分享很难界定,导致搭便车现象严重 1.4其他因素 耕地质量及土地利用类型是土地生产率的决定因素[16]。不同的土地利用类型,对灌溉需求的强度不一样,农户对农田水利设施管理的参与意愿也差异明显。小规模的村民组、成员间的同质性、相互间的有效监督等对成功的集体行为可能产生正显著效应[17]。但也有研究认为,农户数越多的村民组成功的集体行动的可能性越高[18],因此村庄规模可能是影响农户意愿的潜在因素[5]。除此之外,农户用水协会和政府农田水利设施项目补贴等因素对农户参与农田水利设施管理意愿也具有显著影响。 2.1数据来源 基于地理学综合性、区域差异性以及空间性特点,本研究选择黄淮海平原山东省垦利县、松嫩平原西部吉林省镇赉县和伊犁河谷地区新疆维吾尔族自治区察布查尔锡伯族自治县作为研究区域。垦利县地处黄河口高盐碱地带,以滨海盐土为主要类型。镇赉县位于松嫩平原西部农牧交错带,是我国典型的碱土分布区。察布查尔锡伯族自治县地处伊犁河南岸和中天山西端的阿拉喀尔山脉北麓,原生盐渍化突出,是我国盐碱荒地开发利用的典型。这三个地区分别位于我国湿润半湿润地区、干旱区,包括了盐土、碱土以及次生盐碱土不同盐碱土类型,代表了旱田、水田等不同土地利用方式,并分别通过土地整理、土地综合整治和中低产田改造等项目进行了不同程度的农田水利 2.2农田水利设施状况及农户意愿 研究区域早在六七十年代,通过国家资金投资与农户投工投劳相结合,进行了大规模的水利建设,形成了干渠、支渠、斗渠、农渠以及桥、涵、渣等基建配套的农田水利设施体系。但随着盐碱耕地不断开垦,末级渠系和田间配套工程投入不足,农田水利设施老化、渠道淤积堵塞、渗漏严重,甚至只灌不排、灌排失调,造成这些地区地下水位偏高,下游滩地土壤次生盐碱化[19-20]。近年来,国家通过土地整理及综合整治、中低产田改造等项目,对农田水利设施建设进行了大量的投入,但仍存在诸多问题可引水量不确定性强,且可用水量逐渐减少;农户以大水漫灌为主,水资源浪费严重受水源特点变化,引水、蓄水和排水设施功能退化、老化严重,不配套小型水利工程产权不清、主体缺位,排水渠系淤塞严重;河中设坝、乱扒乱堵镇赉县嫩江为主要水源,相对充足,但需水季节上下游用水户之间水资源争抢明显新增耕地末级渠系及田间工程配套缺乏;已有水田排水设施不合理,排泄不畅在斗渠以下渠系及建筑物的后续维修、配套和更新改造中,农户用水组织和农户参与机制不完善察布查尔县伊犁河为主要水源,相对充足,但水资源浪费严重工程建设标准低,建筑物不配套;老化、不配套;田间排水工程不足重灌轻排,排水设施的日常维护不足,部分水回流,加剧了土壤积盐,且水土流失较严重注:根据野外调研资料整理。 根据以上问题,考虑到区域差异性,本研究界定农田水利设施农户参与管理主要包括对农田水利设施的投资、建设、经营与保护以及对漫灌、喷灌、滴灌、雾灌等适宜的灌溉技术的采用等。 农村土地承包经营权长期不变的土地政策使农户对农田水利设施管理的参与意愿陷入两难:一方面希望通过完善水利设施改善盐碱地农业生态环境,另一方面又不希望占用调整自家耕地。但在占用农户耕地时,农户参与意愿明显降低,全部样本均值仅为0.54,垦利县样本均值仅为0.30。在两种情形下,全部样本和分区样本标准差较大,这说明不同特征的农户选择意愿差异明显。 (1)耕地规模。该指标与农户意愿选择正相关,并且在引入占用农户耕地虚拟变量后,耕地规模对因变量的影响有所增加。这表明农户耕地经营规模越大,农户以土地要素投入农田水利设施管理的积极性越强。 (2)土地利用类型。旱田相对于水田而言,需水量小,灌溉次数少,农户对农田水利设施管理参与意愿较弱。在一定的水资源供给保障率下,水田具有稳产保产特征,而旱田经营风险相对较大,因此农户水田所占比例越高,越愿意参与农田水利设施管理。 (3)土地细碎化。土地细碎化是影响农户意愿的重要因素。农户田块越多,分布越分散,越不愿意参与农田水利设施管理。在占用耕地情形下,单块耕地面积也成为影响农户意愿选择的因素,块均耕地面积越大,农户越愿意参与农田水利设施管理。 (4)地权稳定性。频繁的土地调整对农户造成了土地产权的不安全感。相对于农田水利设施投资的长期性,土地调整越频繁,农户参与意愿越弱。山东省垦利县部分村庄及村民小组,土地每5-12年调整一次,农户参与意愿明显偏低。在138个调研样本中,仅有54%的农户愿意参与农田水利设施管理,远远低于吉林省镇赉县和新疆察布查尔县92%的比例。 (5)水资源利用及管理政策。水资源保证率越低,农户对于节约用水、提高水资源利用效率的意愿越强。水费占农业生产总投入的比重越大,农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿越强烈,这与已有研究相矛盾[21]。 (6)农户自身特征和政府投入也在一定程度上影响农户参与农田水利设施管理意愿。通过政府立项增加农田水利设施投入,这对农户意愿选择的影响比较明显,尤其是在水利设施占用农户耕地的情形下,政府行为对农户意愿选择起到了催化作用。由于样本限制,回归结果中村庄规模这一因子对因变量的影响不明显。家庭劳动力资源和农业收入占家庭收入比重这两个因子回归分析结果与预期相反。 3结论和启示 通过对研究区域样本计量分析,农田水利设施建设与管理和农村家庭联产承包责任制下的分户经营模式已不相协调,农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿与土地利用政策关系密切,同时也受到水资源利用及管理政策、农户自身特征和政府行为等因素综合影响。 扩大盐碱耕地经营规模、降低耕地细碎化程度,能提高农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿。根据调研区域样本数据,山东省垦利县农户块均耕地面积最小,为3.18亩,农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿最弱,尤其是占用农户耕地情景下,表现更为突出。而吉林省镇赉县农户块均耕地面积为8.18亩,新疆察布查尔县农户块均耕地面积最大,为11.18亩,农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿相对较强。基于盐碱地持续利用目标,建议我国典型盐碱地区域通过土地适度流转,促进盐碱障碍耕地向大户集中,适度扩大农户耕地经营规模。针对家庭联产承包责任制下已经发包的耕地,根据农户自愿原则,推动土地整合,降低家庭承包经营责任制下按耕地质量均分田地带来的耕地细碎化程度,促进耕地“小块并大块”。针对通过国家土地综合整治等项目进行的盐碱荒地开发而形成的新增耕地,为避免耕地细碎化带来的负面效应,建议在土地发包过程中适当扩大单块耕地面积,以实现农户耕地资源与农田水利设施优化配置,促进盐碱地农业持续发展。 农村土地承包经营权长期不变的土地利用政策在一定程度上能增加农户农田水利设施投入的积极性。调研结果表明,尽管山东省垦利县部分农户认为根据家庭人口增减调整耕地具有一定的合理性,但与实施“增人不增地,减人不减地”土地政策的吉林省镇赉县和新疆察布查尔县相比,农田水利设施管理农户参与意愿明显偏低。山东省垦利县相对频繁的土地调整降低了农户对农田水利设施投入的积极性。探索性的实施农村土地承包经营权长期不变,赋予农民更加充分而有保障的土地承包经营权,有助于稳定农户农业生产预期,促进农户长期投入、长期经营和盐碱地改良。 建立农业灌溉用水的资源管理机制[7],建立低风险、低成本、高效益和可持续的农田水利系统[22]是盐碱地改良及农业高效利用的基本保障。现阶段,国家土地整理、综合整治和中低产田改造等项目是农田水利设施建设投资的重要渠道,这大大降低了农户盐碱地改良投入的生产成本。在农田水利设施使用和管理过程中,由于使用主体和管理主体分离,责权不明,农渠及以下农田水利设施配套不足。针对小型农田水利设施,建议遵循“谁投资,谁受益;谁受益,谁管理”原则,村集体“一事一议”及农户投工投劳相结合,引导村集体、村民小组以及农户和公司等多主体参与农田水利设施建设与管理。通过农田水利工程配套实施,集体经济组织剩余水资源,可以通过转让交易,促进水资源的合理流转和分配,这在一定程度上可以提高农户灌溉用水的利用效率[9]。 需要说明的是,本研究发现家庭劳动力越多,农业收入占家庭收入比重越大,农户参与愿意越弱,这一结果与预期相反。在农户层面上,需要进一步加强农户对农田水利设施重要性的认知教育,转变农户思想,提高农户农田水利设施管理参与意愿。其次,尽管回归分析结果表明村集体规模对农户参与意愿的影响并不明显,但调研中发现小规模的村集体便于农户协商,采取一致的集体行动。山东省垦利县永安镇二十八村仅有农户53户,总人口153人,本村确权耕地总面积为6 420亩,其中家庭承包责任田为3 500亩,其余2 920亩由村集体采取土地入股方式进行土地开发、经营,收益用于农用地道路、沟渠、水库等农田水利设施建设,这种“以地养水,以水养地”的模式充分发挥了盐碱地资产价值,降低了农户生产成本,这种做法对于地多人少的盐碱地区域具有借鉴意义。 (编辑:王爱萍) 参考文献(References) [1]杨劲松. 中国盐渍土研究的发展历程与展望[J]. 土壤学报,2008,45(5):837-845. 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Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.] [20]刘金荣,谢晓蓉,金自学,等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠区盐碱化土地修复与调控研究:以黑河灌区为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.] [21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072. [22]贺雪峰,郭亮. 农田水利的利益主体及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋县农田水利调查为基础[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.] AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture. Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer [18]黎红梅. 农户灌溉行为对水稻生产技术效率的影响研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2009. [Li Hongmei. Effects of Farmers Irrigation Behavior on Technical Efficiency in Rice Production: a Case of Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2009.] [19]林年丰,汤洁. 松嫩平原环境演变与土地盐碱化、荒漠化的成因分析[J]. 第四纪研究, 2005,(4):474-483. [Study on the Environment Evolution and the Analysis of Causes to Land Salinization and Desertification in Songnen Plain[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.] [20]刘金荣,谢晓蓉,金自学,等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠区盐碱化土地修复与调控研究:以黑河灌区为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.] [21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072. [22]贺雪峰,郭亮. 农田水利的利益主体及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋县农田水利调查为基础[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.] AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture. Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer [18]黎红梅. 农户灌溉行为对水稻生产技术效率的影响研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2009. [Li Hongmei. Effects of Farmers Irrigation Behavior on Technical Efficiency in Rice Production: a Case of Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2009.] [19]林年丰,汤洁. 松嫩平原环境演变与土地盐碱化、荒漠化的成因分析[J]. 第四纪研究, 2005,(4):474-483. [Study on the Environment Evolution and the Analysis of Causes to Land Salinization and Desertification in Songnen Plain[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.] [20]刘金荣,谢晓蓉,金自学,等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠区盐碱化土地修复与调控研究:以黑河灌区为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.] [21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072. [22]贺雪峰,郭亮. 农田水利的利益主体及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋县农田水利调查为基础[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.] AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture. Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer |
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