| 单词 | hard |
| 释义 | hard adjective¹ 1solid/stiff坚硬verbs | adverb | phrases verbs➤be, feel, look, seem坚固；感觉坚固；看上去坚实；好像结实◆the chairs felt hard and uncomfortable.这些椅子又硬又不舒服。➤become, go变得坚硬；硬起来◆don't leave the cake uncovered or the icing will go hard.蛋糕得盖上，否则上面的糖霜会变硬。➤stay保持坚硬adverb➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.极为／颇为／非常坚硬▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有点儿／稍微有些坚硬phrases➤rock hard坚如磐石◆the toffee was rock hard.这种太妃糖硬得像石头。hard adjective² 2difficult困难verbs | adverb verbs➤be, look, seem困难；看上去费力；好像费力▸➤become, get变得艰难◆life got very hard.生活变得非常艰难。➤make sth使⋯变得困难◆if you tell the children the answers, it only makes it harder for them to do the work on their own.你要是把答案告诉孩子们，只会让他们更难独立完成作业。➤find sth觉得⋯困难◆i found the exam quite hard.我觉得这次考试非常难。adverb➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.极其／相当／非常困难▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有点儿／略微有些困难 hard /hɑːd; name hɑːrd/ adjective (harder, hardest) 1. [only before noun] definite; based on information that can be proved 确实的；确凿的◆is there any hard evidence that the company is recovering? 有确凿证据显示公司正在复苏吗？◆we think about 90% of the email is internal, but we have no hard figures. 我们认为 90% 的电子邮件是内部邮件，但没有确切的数字。⨁ hard evidence / facts / figures / numbers确凿的证据／事实／资料／数字 2. [usually before noun] if the market is hard, or if prices are hard, prices remain high 坚挺的◆we expect the hard market to be sharp and brief. 我们预计坚挺的市场会十分短暂。 ➡ soft ●drive/strike a hard bargainto argue in an aggressive way to try to force sb to agree on the best possible price or arrangement 狠狠杀价●hard and fast (used especially after no, not, etc. 常用于 no、not 等之后) that cannot be changed in any circumstances 不得更改◆there are no hard and fast rules about this. 这件事没有甚么硬性的规定。 hard /hɑːd; name hɑːrd/ adverb ●be hard up for sthto have too few or too little of sth 匮乏；缺乏◆we're hard up for good ideas. 我们缺乏好的构思。 ➡ hard up ➡ idiom at hit verb☞ hard☞ hardhard adjectivehard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingthese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort.这些词均表示做某事是耗费体力的、辛苦的。patterns and collocations 句型和搭配◆hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling work◆a hard / a strenuous / an arduous climb◆a hard / an arduous / a gruelling journey◆a hard / gruelling / punishing schedule◆a hard / gruelling day■ hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的◆it's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。◆i've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。▸ hard adverb◆they work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆i trained as hard as i could.我全力苦练。◆you must try harder.你得更加努力。◆she tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。■ strenuous /strenjuəs/ needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination费力的；繁重的；奋力的◆avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免从事繁重的体力活动。◆the ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.尽管人们尽了巨大努力去营救这条船，船还是沉了。▸ strenuously adverb◆he still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加锻炼。◆the government strenuously denies the allegations.政府坚决否认那些说法。■ arduous /ɑːdjuəs, ɑːdʒuəs; name ɑːrdʒuəs/ involving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time艰苦的；艰难的；（尤指）漫长艰巨的◆she was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她当时正面对要翻越大山的艰苦行程。◆an arduous task / process艰巨任务；艰难过程note 辨析 strenuous or arduous? strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous 比 arduous 所表达的活动强度更大，但是持续的时间较短◆the exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做这项锻炼的时间不需要很长，但应达到一定强度。■ gruelling (especially bre) (name usually grueling) /gruːəlɪŋ/ very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time使人筋疲力尽的；折磨人的◆a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排◆a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考验耐力的体育项目■ punishing (of planned activities) gruelling（活动计划）艰难持久的，令人疲惫不堪的◆a punishing exercise regime艰苦的训练规划◆the president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.总统今后六个月的工作日程十分繁忙。note 辨析 punishing or gruelling? punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing 只用于形容活动计划，仅与 schedule、programme 和 regime 等词搭配。harddifficult困难的；费力的；难做的；难解的◆i always found languages quite hard at school.上学时我总觉得语言很难学。◆it was one of the hardest things i ever did.这是我做过的最难的事情之一。◆it must be hard for her, bringing up four children on her own.她一人抚养四个孩子一定很困难。◆it's hard to believe she's only nine years old.很难相信她只有九岁。◆'when will the job be finished?' 'it's hard to say.'“这活儿什么时候能干完？”“难说。”◆i find his attitude quite hard to take (= difficult to accept).他的态度让我难以接受。opp easy → easy 1 note 辨析 difficult or hard? hard is slightly less formal than difficult. it is used particularly in the structure hard to believe/say/find/take/come by, etc., although difficult can also be used in any of these examples.与 difficult 相比，hard 略为不正式，尤用于 hard to believe/say/find/take/come by 等结构。当然，difficult 也可用于这些结构。hardfull of problems, especially because of bad conditions or a lack of money艰难的；困苦的；困顿的◆my grandmother had a hard life.我祖母一生艰难。◆times were hard at the end of the war.战争结束时生活很艰苦。◆conditions were extremely hard in the camps.难民营里的生活条件极其恶劣。 ➡ see also hardship → trouble 2 hard [only before noun] definitely true and based on information that can be proved确凿的；可证实的；可靠的◆is there any hard evidence either way?正反双方都有什么确凿证据吗？◆the newspaper story is based on hard facts.报纸的这篇报道有可靠的事实根据。hardneeding a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的◆it's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。◆i've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。▸ hard adverb◆they work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆i trained as hard as i could.我全力苦练。◆you must try harder.你得更加努力。◆she tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。hard [usually before noun](of weather) very cold and severe（天气）严寒的，凛冽的◆there was a hard frost that night.那天晚上寒冷有霜。hard (usually disapproving) showing no sympathy or affection冷酷无情的；硬心肠的；苛刻的◆my father was a hard man.我父亲是个不讲情面的人。◆she gave me a hard stare.她狠狠地看了我一眼。◆he said some very hard things to me.他对我说了些很不近人情的话。opp soft → sensitive 1 hardnot soft; impossible to press into another shape坚硬的；坚固的；不易变形的◆wait for the concrete to go hard.等待混凝土凝结。◆a hard bench / chair硬板凳；硬椅子◆the ground is still rock-hard.地面仍然极其坚硬。 opp soft → soft note 辨析 firm or hard? hard things are harder than firm things. hard can mean 'very hard' * hard 比 firm 的硬度大。hard 可表示非常硬◆diamonds are the hardest known mineral.钻石是已知最坚硬的矿物。or 'too hard'.或表示太硬◆a hard mattress一张硬梆梆的床垫 firm is always a positive word: a hard mattress is a bad thing, but a firm mattress is good. * firm 总是含有肯定意义：hard mattress 是不好的，而 firm mattress 则是好的。hardadverb◆they work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆i trained as hard as i could.我全力苦练。◆you must try harder.你得更加努力。◆she tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。hardadverb◆they work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆i trained as hard as i could.我全力苦练。◆you must try harder.你得更加努力。◆she tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。hard¹/hɑ:d ||; hɑrd/adj1. not soft to touch; not easy to break or bend 硬的；坚硬的: ◇the bed was so hard that i couldn't sleep. 这张床硬邦邦的，我怎么睡也睡不着。◇diamonds are the hardest known mineral. 在已知的矿物中，要数钻石最坚硬。 [opp] soft 反义词为soft 2. hard (for sb) (to do sth) difficult to do or understand; not easy 难做的；难懂的: ◇the first question in the exam was very hard. 第一道试题很难答。◇this book is hard to understand./it is a hard book to understand. 这本书很难看得明白。◇it's hard for young people to find good jobs nowadays. 这个年头，年青人很难找到好工作。◇i find his attitude very hard to take (= difficult to accept). 我觉得很难接受他的看法。 [opp] easy 反义词为easy 3. needing or using a lot of physical strength or mental effort 费劲的；费神的: ◇it's a hard climb to the top of the hill. 爬到山顶可不容易。◇ hard work is said to be good for you. 据说辛苦工作对你有益。◇he's a hard worker. 他工作很努力。 4. (used about a person) not feeling or showing kindness or pity; not gentle （指人）严厉的，心肠硬的，冷酷的: ◇you have to be hard to succeed in business. 事业要成功，非硬起心肠不可。 [opp] soft or lenient 反义词为soft或lenient 5. (used about conditions) unpleasant or unhappy; full of difficulty （指情况或境况）难堪的，艰难的: ◇he had a hard time when his parents died. 父母死后他有一段日子很不好过。◇to have a hard day/life/childhood 一天╱一生╱童年过得艰苦 6. (used about the weather) very cold （指天气）严寒的: ◇the forecast is for a hard winter/frost. 气象预报说，今年的冬天很寒冷╱有严重的霜冻。 [opp] mild 反义词为mild 7. (used about water) containing particular minerals so that soap does not make many bubbles （指水）含无机盐的，硬的: ◇we live in a hard water area. 我们住在硬水地带。 [opp] soft 反义词为soft➔hardness noun [u] a hard act to follow a person or a thing that it is difficult to do better than 很难超越的人或事 be hard at it to be working very hard doing sth 努力工作；使劲干 be hard on sb/sth 1. to treat sb/sth in a harsh way or to make things difficult 对某人或某事过分严厉；使为难: ◇don't be too hard on her -- she's only a child. 别对她太严厉，她还是个孩子。 2. to be unfair to sb 不公正地对待（某人）: ◇moving the office to the country is a bit hard on the people who haven't got a car. 对没有汽车的人来说，把办公室搬到郊外有点不公平。 give sb a hard time(informal 非正式) to make a situation unpleasant, embarrassing or difficult for sb 使人不快、难堪或难受 hard and fast (used about rules, etc) that cannot be changed （指规定等）不容改变，死板: ◇there are no hard and fast rules about this. 在这方面，没有什么严格的规定。 hard facts information that is true, not just people's opinions 铁的事实 hard luck→luckhard of hearing unable to hear well 听觉不灵；重听；（耳朵）有点背 hard to swallow difficult to believe 难以相信 have a hard job doing/to do sth;have a hard time doing sth to do sth with great difficulty 艰苦地干某活 no hard feelings(spoken 口语) used to tell sb you do not feel angry after an argument, etc （用于告诉某人发生争执等以后你不生气）: ◇‘no hard feelings, i hope,’ he said, offering me his hand. “但愿你没有生气，”他边说边朝我伸出手来。 the hard way through having unpleasant or difficult experiences, rather than learning from what you are told 以自己的不快或惨痛经历（而不是汲取别人的教训）: ◇she won't listen to my advice so she'll just have to learn the hard way. 她不愿听我的忠告，因此她要吃了苦头以后才能明白。 take a hard line (on sth) to deal with sth in a very serious way that you will not allow anyone to change 采取强硬立场: ◇the government has taken a hard line on people who drink and drive. 政府已经对酒后驾车的人采取强硬措施。 hard²/hɑ:d ||; hɑrd/adv1. with great effort, energy or attention 努力；费劲；费神: ◇he worked hard all his life. 他操劳了一辈子。◇you'll have to try a bit harder than that. 你还要加把劲。 2. with great force; heavily 力量大；猛烈: ◇it was raining/snowing hard. 在下大雨╱大雪。◇he hit her hard across the face. 他狠狠掴了她一巴掌。 be hard up (for sth) to have too few or too little of sth, especially money 缺乏（尤指钱） be hard pressed/pushed/put to do sth to find sth very difficult to do 处于困境；面临压力: ◇he was hard pressed to explain his wife's sudden disappearance. 他的妻子突然失踪，他难以解释清楚。 die hard→diehard done by (brit 英) not fairly treated 受到不公正对待: ◇he felt very hard done by when he wasn't chosen for the team. 他没有入选为队员，心里忿忿不平。 hard1 when something does not change its shape or bend2 food3 to become hard or make something hardrelated wordsoppositesoft,hard to do or understand 难做或难以理解的 difficult,having no sympathy 没有同情心的 unkind,treating someone strictly 严格对待某人 strict/not strict,1. when something does not change its shape or bend 某物不易改变形状或不易弯曲 hard /hɑːʳd/ [adjective] that night i had to sleep on a hard stone floor. 那天晚上，我得睡在硬邦邦的石地板上。 i wish this chair wasn't so hard and uncomfortable. 我真希望这椅子不是那么硬，那么不舒服。 diamond is probably the hardest substance known to man. 钻石可能是人类已知的最坚硬的物质。 as people age, their skin becomes harder and less supple. 人老了，皮肤就会变硬，弹性也差了。rock- hard very hard 非常坚硬的 after several weeks without rain, the ground was rock-hard. 连续数周无雨，地面如石头般坚硬。as hard as something a tiled floor in the kitchen is as hard as stone, and very cold beneath your feet. 厨房里铺地砖的地面硬得犹如石头，踩在脚下非常冷。 hardness [uncountable noun] the hardness of limestone varies depending on the area in which it is found. 石灰岩的硬度因产地而异。 solid /ˈsɒlɪd, ˈsɒlədǁˈsɑː-/ [adjective] something that is solid is made of thick hard material, is not hollow, and is difficult to damage or break 实心的；坚硬的 the door was made of solid steel. 门是用实心钢板做的。 during winter the lake became a solid block of ice. 冬天里，湖面上结了一层厚实的冰。 firm /fɜːʳm/ [adjective] something that is firm is not completely hard, but does not change shape much when you press it - use this about things that are sometimes soft, for example fruit, muscles, or the ground 坚实的［用于指不完全硬，但按压时不会变形的东西，如水果、肌肉或地面］ i find i sleep better on a firm mattress. 我发现自己在硬的垫子上睡得更好。 these exercises are good for making your stomach muscles nice and firm. 这些运动有助于使你的腹部肌肉紧实起来。 stiff /stɪf/ [adjective] something that is stiff keeps its shape and is not easy to bend 硬的；僵硬的 to make the picture, you will need a sheet of stiff card. 做这种画需要一张硬卡纸。 the collar of his shirt felt stiff and uncomfortable. 他的衬衣领子摸上去又硬又不舒服。go stiff british the sheets outside on the washing line had gone stiff in the frost. 晾在外面晾衣绳上的被单被霜冻得硬绷绷的。 rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd, ˈrɪdʒəd/ [adjective] a material that is rigid is difficult or impossible to bend, and is often used to support something else 坚固的，坚硬的［常用于支撑某物］ the tent is made of strong canvas attached to a rigid frame. 帐篷是用结实的帆布系在坚固的支架上搭起来的。 spoon the ice-cream into a rigid plastic container and freeze. 把冰淇淋舀入硬的塑料容器里冷冻。2. food 食物 hard /hɑːʳd/ [adjective] food that is hard is difficult to bite through and not nice to eat ［食物］坚硬的 i've cooked the potatoes for half an hour but they still seem a bit hard. 这些马铃薯我煮了半个小时，但好像还是有点硬。 that candy was so hard i nearly broke a tooth. 那糖太硬了，我差点把牙齿嗑坏。go hard keep the cake in a tin, to prevent it from going hard. 把蛋糕放在金属盒子里，免得变硬。 tough /tʌf/ [adjective] food, especially meat, that is tough is difficult to cut or eat, for example because it is too old or has been cooked for too long ［尤指肉］坚韧的；硬的，老的 the chicken was very tough, as though it had not been freshly cooked that day. 鸡肉非常老，好像不是当天新鲜烧的。 you can throw away the tough outer leaves of the cabbage. 你可以把卷心菜外面老的叶子扔掉。 crunchy /ˈkrʌntʃi/ [adjective] food that is crunchy is firm and fresh, and makes a noise when you bite it 脆的 children love crunchy breakfast cereals and they're full of vitamins too. 儿童喜欢吃脆脆的谷物早餐，维生素也多。 for lunch i usually have something simple, with a fresh crunchy salad. 我午餐一般吃得很简单，就一个新鲜脆口的沙拉。 crisp /crispy /krɪsp, ˈkrɪspi/ [adjective] food, especially fruit or vegetables, that is crisp is firm and fresh, or has been cooked until it is quite hard and slightly brown ［尤指水果或蔬菜］松脆的 a delicious crisp green apple 爽口鲜脆的青苹果 you can serve the chicken with a crispy stir fry of mixed vegetables. 鸡肉可以配一道松脆的杂炒蔬菜。 bake the pastry at 180 for about twenty minutes until crisp and golden. 用180度的火把面团烘烤20分钟，直到松脆呈金黄色。 firm /fɜːʳm/ [adjective] fruit or vegetables that are firm are not soft when you press them ［水果或蔬菜］硬实的 buy peaches that are quite firm, as they ripen very quickly indoors. 桃子要买硬实的，它们在室内熟得很快。 for this recipe you will need six firm tomatoes. 做这道菜需要六个硬实的番茄。3. to become hard or make something hard 变硬或使某物变硬 harden /ˈhɑːʳdn/ [intransitive/transitive verb] the glue needs about 24 hours to harden. 这种胶水要24小时左右才能干透。 steel is hardened by heating it to a very high temperature. 钢用非常高的温度加热后变坚硬。harden into/to much of the mountain consists of volcanic ash, long since hardened to jagged rock. 山上多处地方是火山灰，久而久之变硬形成了嶙峋的岩石。 solidify /səˈlɪdɪfaɪ, səˈlɪdəfaɪ/ [intransitive verb] if a liquid such as melted metal or wax solidifies, it becomes hard ［液体］变成固体，凝固，变硬 tools are made by pouring liquid metal into a mould and allowing it to cool and solidify. 工具是把金属熔液注入模具，让它冷却凝固后制成的。 as the lava flowed down the volcano it solidified, forming strange shapes. 岩浆从火山上流下时，凝固成各种各样的奇形怪状。 set /set/ [intransitive verb] if a liquid substance sets, it becomes harder - use this to talk about something that slowly becomes harder after it is mixed with water, for example, food or building materials ［液体等物质］凝固，凝结［如食物或建筑材料］ put the jelly in the fridge for an hour to set. 把果冻置于冰箱内放一小时让其凝结。 the concrete will take several hours to set, so make sure no one walks on it. 混凝土需要几个小时凝固，所以不要让人在上面走。 freeze /friːz/ [intransitive verb] if a liquid freezes, it becomes hard because it has become very cold ［液体］结冰，冻结 the water in the lake used to freeze most winters, and then it was good for skating. 以前湖水在冬天大都要结冰，那时候就可以溜冰了。be frozen solid hey! the milk's frozen solid! 嗨！牛奶都冻成固体了！ stiffen /ˈstɪfən/ [transitive verb] to make something stiffer and harder 使变硬，使坚挺 point your toes and stiffen the muscles in your legs. 伸直脚趾，绷紧腿部肌肉。 you can stiffen curtain fabric by using a special liquid solution. 可以用一种特殊的浆液浆洗窗帘面料。☞ hard¹☞ hard² |
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