语篇分析与以读促写学习模式研究
江霞
摘 要:筆者基于对本科某高校一二年级同学写作情况的观察,揭示其写作中存在的普遍问题,即大部分学习者缺乏语篇意识与篇章能力。笔者结合语篇分析理论即Hoey的语义单位关系理论与Patricia L. Carrell图式理论,以精读语篇分析为例试图提出一个可行的读写结合策略模式。
关键词:图式; 语篇分析; 以读促写
中图分类号:H315 ? ? ? ? ? ? 文献标识码:A ? ? ?文章编号:1006-3315(2021)1-130-003
笔者通过对本科某高校一二年级同学的写作和精读课堂情况进行观察分析,发现很多学生在阅读中力图搞清每个单词与每个句子的意思,缺乏对篇章的整体把握。而在写作中,学习者这种缺乏足够的语篇意识问题也很突出,具体如下:篇章不连贯,不会使用合适的衔接手段;写作篇章结构混乱,句与句、段与段之间缺乏相互照应,造成篇章主题不明。既然阅读模式与写作模式交互影响,本文基于精读语篇分析,结合Hoey的语义单位关系理论与Patricia L. Carrell图式理论,试图提出一个可行的以读促写学习模式。
1.阅读解构,为写而读,依托语篇模式和形式图式,建构宏观篇章意识
阅读是针对现有语篇,激活大脑的已有图式,进行印证、预测、修正、解构和建构语篇意义的过程,写作则是作者针对某一主题,调动大脑已有图式,积极建构语篇意义的过程,二者相互依托。但是目前来讲,精读课堂存在偏重阅读能力培养,忽略写作能力培养,重视微观的词汇句法知识的积累,忽略宏观语篇意识培养的偏颇。Hoey的语义单位关系理论对典型的语篇模式做出了分类:问题/解决模式、一般/特殊模式和匹配模式。而借助Patricia L. Carrell图式理论中的形式图式即修辞图式能更直观的帮助学生在阅读和写作中建构宏观的篇章布局意识。这里限于篇幅,笔者仅仅以匹配模式为例展示如何利用形式图式进行精读语篇模式分析,帮助学生解构和建构语篇意义,以期对其写作给予启示。
匹配语篇模式是指对语篇主题的两部分内容在具体细节上进行比较,通过语义单位关系间的匹配关系来表现。包括两种表现形式:(1)一致匹配关系即两部分内容在细节上具有相似性;(2)对立匹配关系即两部分内容上的细节差异性相互对应和匹配。Patricia L. Carrell也对比较结构语篇图式做了详细的描述,比较结构的语篇分析图式应当包括四个部分:话题部分,主要概括话题背景和话题内容;对比物部分,分别是比较的客体;解释部分,主要是对这两个对比客体部分进行总结、演绎或评价[2]。我们以现代大学英语精读第三册Unit 10 Alexander and Diogenes为例,如下图所示:
以上图式看到全篇话题是who is Diogenes,通篇作者通过Diogenes与普通人、乞丐、隐士、亚历山大等多个客体进行对比,针对每对对比物,作者给予了相应的演绎,评价以全方位揭示Diogenes人物形象,在引导学生对这些人物对比进行总结归纳时就帮助学生解构语篇,直观的建构语篇的整体框架,提升他们驾驭语篇的能力。在写作中,针对某一个话题,也同样可以运用图式进行整体的语篇模式构建引导写作。
2.以教材为依托,探寻文本主题与话语范围,写作中学会紧扣主题
Hoey语义关系理论强调语境对语句意义选择的重要性和句子之间相互照应对整体语篇意义构建的重要性。我们以重复为例,重复是凸显主题,紧扣话语范围的很有效的方式。我们以《现代大学英语》第二册Unit 5 Quick Fix Society为例。该篇的主体是现代社会的速成模式,整篇文章以清晰的结构,围绕着话语范围——quick fix展开,我们以课文的第3段至第8段为例,这里作者对主题词进行多种形式的不断的重复和呼应,收到了很好的紧扣话语范围、凸显主题的效果。在整个的基英教学中,我们的教学设计都要围绕文本主题,有效的开展阅读活动。比如引导学生去关注文章如何重复主题词,用近义词,相关的反义词,相关的动词,形容词各种词性的词来进行意义的重复。这里文章的主题词是quick fix,比如第三段fast作为quick的近义词刻意反复的出现紧扣该段的主题句Faster instead of slower,同时也是凸显了全文的主题,这种重复当然可以是多种形式的,除了近义词,作者还用了短语类似in a hurry, the “I-hate-to-wait” attitude, 还有动词rush out, speed; flash, fax, burst, fly等等凸显“quick”这个意义。同时我们要引导学生关注怎样重复和呼应。重复和呼应往往会出现在段落的首句和尾句,这样就可以更好的达到衔接段落的效果,末尾段的总结往往会重复前面段落提到的概念以呼应主题。教师可以基于阅读进行相应的写作活动设计,如下写作活动:针对现代社会能否避免速成模式这一问题发表观点,要求题目自拟,同时在写作中能用到重复、对比类比、例证法、排比等至少两种写作技巧,特别是重复.以下是某位学生的习作:
Nowadays, with the development of the economy, quick fixes are inevitable in contemporary. But the question of whether quick fixes are good or not has been discussed for a long time. Some in favor of it held that quick fixes, which could bring us so much convenience, are the buff for us to improve our working efficiency. Some are against it for that quick fixes disrupting the original rhythm of our life to some extent. From my perspective, it's not wise to refuse the benefit quick fixes brought.
First and foremost, thanks to the quick fixes, we could get things done more efficient in daily life. A case in point is that we could withdraw our money in an ATM quickly instead of standing in line for a long time behind the counter, or we can speed up on the highway instead of jamming in the countryside——quick fixes save so much time for us to devote in other things more interesting. Second, quick fixes simplify our lives. An example for students can be drawn is a book, which could be reduced to a key word or some formulas, so we can review all subjects in a short time when the exam is coming. Last but not least, quick fixes provide a more reasonable plan for us. Previously, if we wanted to buy a car or other luxuries, we must save up for it for a long time more often than not. Sometimes we can't wait to buy it but finally calm ourselves...We spend our time dreaming of it, spend our time earning money for it, or even spend our time feeling sad for someone has bought it. But now, we don't worry too much because of the plan off the rack that was born of the installment. We could buy it immediately. Is a quick fix a good thing for people?
Taking the above factors into consideration, I support the point that quick fixes are valuable for us most time...
这篇文章行文较紧凑,全篇主题清晰,围绕着速成模式的益处这一话语范围展开,划线部分可以看到通篇主题词quick fixes有多次的重复,这种重复基本贯穿每个段落的首句和尾句。既然语篇受制于一定的情景语境,那么教师就可以在精读教学中关注课文如何紧扣话语范围层层推进,并在习作中学习运用适当的技巧,紧扣主题进行写作。
3.以教材为蓝本训练学生的语篇衔接与连贯能力
语篇的衔接(Cohesion)是指句子与更大的文本单位“粘合起来”并传递意义的特殊方式。连贯(Coherence)则超越了句子/话语层面,是指整个话语或文本如何传递意义[2]。针对衔接手段,Hoey提出三类标识即词汇标识、重复和问题投射,而省略是重复的一种特例。这里我们重点讨论段落层面的省略和替代的使用,其目的是写作时避免不必要的重复与累赘,使句子更简练、精确。省略的主要表现形式:状语从句的省略;比较结构的省略;不定式的省略。替代的主要表现形式包括名词性替代,动词性替代和分句性替代。我们以《现代大学英语》第二册的Unit 4 The man in the water的第8段为例,这一段落里,我们可以引导学生关注名词性替代如the opposite; the matter, them, that, it让前后句子更加连贯,衔接更紧密,还有did动词性替代,代指前文提到的这几位英雄的英勇作为,达到了段落之间的衔接效果。
除了替代和省略这种重复的使用,Hoey认为词汇标识是组织语篇、连接语义单位关系最重要的手段。Hoey把词汇标识分为三类:从属连词、关联词、半语义词。前两类人们用得最多。在阅读中能迅速地识别并辨析这些具有语言标示功能的连接词和副词,会对篇章的来龙去脉一目了然。在学生的写作练习中,我们可以引导学生学习使用替代和省略以及连接词,让整个篇章更连贯,上下文衔接更紧密。如下面学生的习作:
Online learning will not replace traditional learning
Owing to the epidemic, online learning which is a recent trend of education prevails over the world. Nowadays, some people are fond of online learning for its flexibility and convenience. Without doubt, online learning is beyond the space and time limitations while the traditional learning does not. Whereas, as far as I am concerned, I don't tend to chose online learning. And I believe that online learning will not replace traditional learning no matter how wildly the former is used now. First and foremost, online learning is an imbalanced education resource... Despite the online education arouse student's curiosity by typing to answer the questions and then liven up the class... Last but not least, online learning is unfit for people out of self-control, causing distraction easily…It is with the kind of learning form that poor self-discipline students should... To sum up, there is no doubt that online learning is a convenient and safe way...Nonetheless, without the epidemic,I prefer traditional learning. It's perhaps more appropriate to say that online learning can be viewed as a complementary part of education form, instead of as a substitute for traditional learning.
在這篇习作中,学生有意识的使用了its,the kind of learning form,does not等替代形式,特别是划线部分连接词的使用贯穿全篇,让语篇成为一个连贯的整体。
4.结语
Hoey语义单位关系理论和Patricia L. Carrell图式理论提供了语篇模式分析的理论和实用方法,在阅读和写作中结合图式的演绎概括、分门别类功能进行语篇模式图式的建构,这种整体布局的方法有利于克服学生阅读中缺乏篇章意识的缺陷,同样可以改善其写作中语篇不连贯、主题不明的缺陷。因而本文结合现代大学英语精读语篇分析提出了精读教学中的以读促写模式即借助Hoey的语义单位关系理论与Patricia L. Carrell图式理论提升学习者宏观解构和建构语篇的能力,同时在微观层面上提出以教材为蓝本,学习如何探寻文本主题与话语范围,写作中学会紧扣主题,在句法和段落层面逐步训练学生的语篇衔接与连贯能力。
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