中小学英语语法汇总

    

可数名词与不可数名词“分家”?

    一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别?

    普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people,　family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。?

    二、可数名词的家务事?

    可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：?

    1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：?
book → books room → rooms?
house → houses day → days?

    2. 以s,　ss, ch,　sh, x 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es 。如：?
bus → buses glass → glasses?
watch → watches?
dish → dishes box → boxes?

    3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词，要先将y改为i再加-es。如：?
city → cities body → bodies?
factory → factories等等。?

    4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：?
half → halves leaf → leaves?
knife → knives wife → wives?

    5. 特例 [悄悄话：特例常常考，要记住。]?
① child → children?
② man → men woman → women?
policeman → policemen?
(规律：man → men)?
③ tomato → tomatoes?
potato → potatoes?
[悄悄话： 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的当然加-s喽！如：photo → photos ]?
④ foot → feet tooth → teeth?
[悄悄话： oo变成ee。]?
⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形　[悄悄话：变复数时词形不变。]?
⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；　people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。?

    三、不可数名词的家务事?

    1. 不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：?
The food is very fresh.　食品很新鲜。?

    2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但他们的意义往往发生变化。如：?
water (水) → waters (水域)?
orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)?

    3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表示种类时就可数，但意义大多不发生变化。如：?
fruit → fruits food → foods?
fish → fishes hair → hairs?

    用所给名词的适当形式填空。?
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
2. There is some________(food) in the basket.?
3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.?
4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.?
5. There are five________(people ) in his family.?
6. Let's take________(photo), OK?
7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.?
8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.?
9. The________(child) are playing games?
on the playground now.?
10. Their________(dictionary) look new.?
11. I see you have a few white________(hair).?
12. They are________(woman) doctors.?
13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?
14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.?
15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.?

    参考答案：?
1. sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4. water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves 9. children 10. dictionaries 11. hair, hairs 12. women 13. orange 14. foxes 15. juice?

名词可数不可数“六注意”?

    名词可数不可数需要注意六点：?

    一、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如：desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式，只有单数形式。如：some bread， a little milk等。?

    二、单数可数名词表示泛指时，前面要用不定冠词a(an)，表示特指时，前面要用定冠词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰，表示特指时，前面一定要用定冠词the。如：?
He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。?
No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。?

    三、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰，表示"一些，许多"。如：?
There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。?
There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。?

    四、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如：two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用"单位词+of"来表示数量。如： a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。?

    五、可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如：?
This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。?
不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式，但是不可数名词前有复数"单位词"时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：?
There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。?

    六、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如：?
How many apples are there in the box盒子里有多少个苹果?
How much tea is there in the cup杯里有多少茶水?
注意：对不可数名词前的"单位词"的修饰语提问时，疑问词用how many。 如：?
How many pieces of bread are there on the plate盘子里有多少片面包?
善问大王：名词可数不可数有这么多的注意点啊！这下我可全知道了！Thank you very much. Mr Zhang！?
Mr Zhang：You're welcome.?

“行行色色”的名词所有格

    在英语中，特别是表示有生命的名词，可以加's表示所属关系，名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。?

    一、名词词尾加's的所有格?

    1. 一般情况在名词后加's。例如：?
That girl's coat is in the room. 那个女孩的衣服在房间里。?

    2. 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面，只加 '。 如果复数名词不是以s结尾的，末尾也要加's。例如：?
Today is September 10th, Teachers' Day. 今天是九月十日，教师节。?
Children's Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son. 儿童节马上就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。?

    3. 表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时，须在各个名词后加's；如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后面加's。例如：?
They are John's and Kate's rooms. How beautiful they are! 这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了！?
He is Lily and Lucy's father. 他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。?

    4. 表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格，一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。例如：?
My father and I will have dinner at the Johnson's (home ). 我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。?
We will have our hair cut at the barber's?
(shop) tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们要去理发店理发。?

    5. 有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词，也可以加's构成所有格。例如:?
There is something important in today's newspaper. 今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。?
It's about ten minutes' walk from school to our home every day. 每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。?

    6. 英语名词所有格修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，后面则可以省略，以防止重复。例如：?
This is not Dick's dictionary, but is Tom's. 这不是迪克的字典，但是是汤姆的。?

    二、由of短语构成的所有格?

    1. 表示“无生命的名词”一般与of构成短语，表示所有关系。例如：?
There is a river on the other side of the road. 在公路的另一边有一条河。?

    2. 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如：?
This is a photo of Mr Brown's. 这是一张布朗先生的照片。?

不用定冠词的八项纪律?

    今天，我们从八个方面来学习一下哪些时候不用定冠词“the”。?

    一、定冠词不与表示一类人或事物的复数名词连用。

    例如:?
1. I like reading the books.(×)I like reading books.(√)?
2. She likes the cats.(×)She likes cats.(√)?

    二、定冠词不能用在某些习惯用语中的名词前面。

    例如:?
1. I have lunch at the noon.(×)I have lunch at noon.(√)?
2. We go to school by the bus.(×)We go to school by bus.(√)?

    三、定冠词不能用在某些专用名词和不可数名词前面。

    例如:?
1. I like the China.(×)I like China.(√)?
2. Would you like a cup of the water (×)?
Would you like a cup of water(√)?

    四、定冠词不能用在节日、日期、月份、季节前面。

    例如:?
1. Today is the Teachers’ Day. (×)?
Today is Teachers’ Day.(√)?
2. He was born in the May in 1987. (×)?
He was born in May in 1987. (√)?

    五、定冠词不能用在表示称呼语或某些头衔的名词前面(尤其作表语、宾补时)。

    例如:?
1. Good morning, the sir!(×)?
Good morning, sir! (√)?
2. I need some help, the Mummy.(×)?
I need some help, Mummy.(√)?

    六、定冠词不能与名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词连用。

    例如:?
1. This the pen is mine. (×)?
This pen is mine.(√)?
2. I have the some money. (×)?
I have some money. (√)?

    七、定冠词不能用在表示科目名词的前面。

    例如:?
1. We will learn the Chinese, the history and the Maths this afternoon. (×)?
We will learn Chinese, history and Maths this afternoon.(√)?
2. The English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(×)?
English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(√)?

    八、定冠词不能用在三餐和球类运动名词的前面。

    例如:?
1. She goes to school after the breakfast every morning.(×)?
She goes to school after breakfast every morning.(√)?
2. We often play the football after school. (×)?
We often play football after school. (√)?

介词 for 的用法小结?

    1. 表示“当作、作为”。如:?
I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。?
What will we have for supper 我们晚餐吃什么?

    2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:?
Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。?
Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。?
Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。?

    3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如:?
Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。?
Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。?

    4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:?
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。?
We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。?

    5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:?
Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。?
I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。?
I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。?

    6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如:?
It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。?
Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。?

    7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如:?
Are you for this plan or against it 你是支持还是反对这个计划?

    8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:?
Who are you waiting for 你在等谁?
For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。?

with 的用法小结

    with 是介词，但其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，请允许我以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释，为同学作一个全屏显示。你们可要看好哟！?

    1. 带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如：?
Run with the kite like this.?

    2. 附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如：?
A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.?

    3. 和…… (某人)一起。?
a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……) 。如：?
Now I am in China with my parents.?
Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.?
He / She's talking with a friend.?
b. 跟go, come 连用，有 "加入"到某方的意思。如：?
Do you want to come with me?

    4. 和play一起构成短语动词play with 意为"玩耍……，玩弄……" 如：?
Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.?

    5. 与help 一起构成 help...with...句式，意为"帮助 (某人) 做 (某事)"。如：?
On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English.?

    6. 表示面部神情，有"含着……，带着……" 如：?
"I'm late for school," said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.?

    7. 表示 "用……" 如：?
You play it with your feet.?
What do the farmers do with your machines?

    8. 表示 "对……， 关于……"。如：?
What's wrong with it?
There's something wrong with my computer.?

一般现在时自述?

    Hello, 我是一般现在时，你们想知道我的故事吗Let me tell you!

    首先，介绍我的本领。我的本领有三样：

    1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。

    2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。

    3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。?

    第二，请看我的面目--构成：?

    1. be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：?
I am a boy.我是一个男孩。?

    2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：?
We study English.我们学习英语。?
当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。?

    第三，我的变化--否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句：?

    1. be动词的变化。?
否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。?
如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。?
一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。?
如：-Are you a student?
-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.?
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike?

    2.行为动词的变化。?
否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如：?
I don't like bread.?
当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如：?
He doesn't often play.?
一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如：?
- Do you often play football?
- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.?
当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：?
- Does she go to work by bike?
- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.?
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does your father go to work?
小朋友们，下次见到我时，千万不要忘记我是"一般现在时"啊！See you next time!

揭开“第三人称单数”的秘密?

    善问大王： Good afternoon , Mr Huang. 学完一般现在时之后，我对哪些主语属于第三人称单数还不太清楚，请您给我讲一讲好吗?
Mr Huang: 你可真是一个勤学好问的好学生！哪些主语是第三人称单数这可是个小秘密呢！?
善问大王：Mr Huang请您快给我讲一讲吧!?
Mr Huang: 别急！下面听我一一给你道来：?

    一、第三人称代词 he, she, it 作主语时。例如：?
She is very good at English. 她英语学得好。?
He studies in a middle school. 他在一所中学学习。?

    二、单独使用的人名、地名或称呼语作主语时。例如:?
Jim often plays football with his friends.吉姆经常和他的朋友们踢足球。?
Does Uncle Wang like making things 王叔叔喜欢做东西吗?

    三、不可数名词作主语时。例如：?
Is there any juice in the bottle 瓶里有果汁吗?

    四、单数可数名词作主语时。例如：?
The box is in your room. 箱子在你的房间里。?
What is that girl doing over there 那女孩在那边干什么?

    五、单个数字、算式或单个字母作主语时。例如：?
Three plus nine is twelve. 三加九等于十二。?
"I" is an English letter. "I" 是个英语字母。?

    六、指示代词this, that等作主语时。例如：?
This is her red pen. 这是她的红钢笔。?

    七、代词one作主语时。例如：?
One of them is watching TV. 他们中的一个人正在看电视。?

    八、不定代词something, anything, nothing 等作主语时。例如：?
There's something wrong with the computer. 这台电脑坏了。?

    善问大王：第三人称单数的主语有这么多啊！这下我可全知道了！Thank you very much. Mr Huang！?
Mr Huang: That's all right.?
善问大王：Goodbye!?
Mr Huang: Bye-bye！?

“一般过去时”登台亮相?

    I. 一般过去时的概念?

    一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：last year, yesterday等； 也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作，常和often, always等频率副词连用。 例如：

    ① I saw him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上看见他了。?
② Li Mei always went to school on foot last year. 去年李梅总是步行上学。?

    II. 一般过去时的构成?

    我们主要来学习谓语动词为实义动词的一般过去时的构成。?
动词过去式的构成：?
(1)规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则：?
①一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如：look-looked。?
②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ed。如：live-lived。?
③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop-stopped。?
④末尾是辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，然后再加-ed。如：study-studied。?
(2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如：am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等。?

    III. 一般过去时的几种句型?

    肯定句结构为：主语+动词的过去式+其它。如：He went to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天去玩具店了。?
否定句结构为：主语+did not (didn't)+动词原形+其它。如：He didn't go to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天没去玩具店。?
一般过去时的一般疑问句的构成：Did+主语＋动词原形＋其它如：?
1) -Did you go to Beijing last week?
-Yes, we did. (No, we didn't.)?
2) -Did you meet the businessman before?
-No, I didn't. (Yes, I did.)?
一般过去时的特殊疑问句的构成：疑问词＋did+主语＋动词原形＋其它如：?
1) -What did you do last night?
-I did my homework.?
2) -Where did you go last week?
-I went to Shanghai with my parents.?

    一般过去时口诀?

    一般过去时并不难，表示过去动作、状态记心间。

    动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。?

    否定句很简单，didn't 站在动词原形前，其它部分不要变。?

    一般疑问句也好变，did放在句子前，主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站。?

    特殊疑问句也简单，疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。?

    最后一条请注意，动词过去式要牢记。?

一般将来时小精灵?

    Hi,大家好！今天向你们介绍一位爱展望未来的小精灵be going to。他呀，出生在"一般将来时"家族里。表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

    看"be going to"长得多魁梧呀，他由三个词组成。这三个词分开来都有自己的意思。但组合在一起，只表示"打算，将要"。其中"be"妈妈会根据主语的人称变化派出孩子们"is,am,are"来完成任务。"to"是"不定式符号"。它有一个脾气，跟在它后面的动词必须是动词原形.?

    首先，我向你们展示我的几种句型。?

    一、陈述句(肯定句)?
在肯定句中，小精灵的模样是：主语+be(am / is / are) + going to +动词原形+其它。如：?
1、I am going to work hard this term.我打算这学期努力学习。?
2、He is going to buy a new CD after school.我放学后要去买张新CD。?
3、They are going to visit their teacher tommrow.他们明天要去看望他们的老师。?
在否定句要在be的后面加not.不信你来瞧：?
1、I am not going to play football after school.我不打算踢足球。?
2、She is not going to watch TV this afternool.今天下午她不打算看电视。?
3、We are not going to the cinema at night.我们今晚不看电影。?

    二、一般疑问句?
这时候，小精灵模样是：Be(am is are)+主语+going to+动词原形+其它,如：?
1、 Are you going to read books tonight -Yes, I am. -No, I am not.?
2、Is he going to buy a comic book this morning-Yes, he , he is not.?

    三、特殊疑问句?
疑问词+be(am is are)+主语+ going to+动词原形+其它,如：?
1、What is she going to do this evening?
She is going to visit her grandparents.?
2、What are they going to do tomorrow?
They are going to play football.?
其次，和他出现的朋友还有以下特征：this morning, this afternoon, this evening, at night, tomorrow, this weekend, next week，soon等表示将来时间的词语。
还有，我有时会偷懒的，如表示你将要去哪儿的句子时：?
I am going to the park this morning.?
Where are you going this weekend?

现在进行时自述?

    Hello, boys and girls. Nice to see you again.　"我"是现在进行时，用来表示正在进行或发生的动作。"我"的结构是：be (am, is, are)+动词现在分词形式。?
首先，"我"向你们展示"我"的几种句型：?
一、陈述句(肯定句)?
主语＋be　(am, is, are)+现在分词，如：?
I am reading English.我正在读英语。?
He is writing.他正在写字。?
You are running.你正在跑步。?
二、一般疑问句?
Be(Am, Is, Are)+主语＋现在分词，　如：?
1. -Are you singing你正在唱歌吗?
-Yes, I am.是的，我在唱歌。?
(No, I'm not.不，我不在唱歌。)?
2. -Is he (she) listening to music他(她)在听音乐吗?
-Yes, he (she) is.是的，他(她)在听音乐。?
[No, he (she) isn't.不，他(她)不在听音乐。]?
三、特殊疑问句?
疑问词＋be (am, is, are)＋主语＋现在分词，如：?
1. -What are you doing你正在干什么?
-I am doing my homework.我正在做作业。?
2. -What is he (she) doing他(她)正在干什么?
-He (She) is riding a bike.他(她)正在骑自行车。?
其次，"我"向你们介绍"我"的三位好伙伴： look(看)、listen(听)、now(现在)，它们和"我"经常出现在句子中。请看：?
Look! Jack is swimming.看！杰克正在游泳。?
Listen! She is singing.听！她正在唱歌。?
I am cleaning my room now.现在我正在打扫房间。?
听了"我"的自述后，小朋友们，你们一定更加了解"我"了吧。?
最后，请你们用"我"翻译下面的句子。?
1. 看！我弟弟正在游泳。?
2. 听！我妹妹正在唱歌。?
3. 我妈妈现在正在做饭。?