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标题 社会资本多维异质性视角下农户小型水利设施合作参与行为研究
范文

    摘要小型水利设施合作供给是实现准公共物品供给的有效方式,同时农村社区小型水利设施合作供给也是众多单个农户行为选择的结果。理论研究发现,极其复杂多变的个体决策行为可以通过突破传统经济学的同质性假设——运用个体异质性来表征。本文将农户异质性概念引入农村社区小型水利设施合作供给问题研究,探索农户社会资本异质性与农村社区小型水利设施合作供给的互动关系及影响机理,试图解决农村小型水利设施合作供给中集体行动的实现问题。首先,运用探索性因子分析法,将社会资本归纳为社会声望、社会参与、社会信任和社会网络四个不同维度。在此基础上,利用陕西省关中地区393户农户调查数据,采用Probit模型实证分析社会资本多维异质性对农户参与小型水利设施合作治理的影响。研究结果表明,社会资本多维异质性对农户参与小型水利设施合作供给具有显著影响。其中,信任维度、参与维度和网络维度社会资本是农户小型水利设施参与行为的重要促进因素,而声望维度社会资本则降低了农户的参与行为。反映出社会资本的多维异质性将导致集体行动结果的不确定性。某一维度的社会资本促进合作供给的产生,而另一维度的社会资本则对合作供给起到抑制作用,而且各维度交互作用可能使社会资本对合作供给影响结果产生不同结果。此外,农户参与小型水利设施合作供给还受其他因素的影响,农户受教育程度、水利对农业重要性的认知、水利设施维修情况以及用水纠纷对农户参与行为具有显著正向影响,而种植面积对农户小型水利设施合作供给参与行为具有显著负向影响。根据以上结果,政府应该通过培育农户多维度的社会资本,强化社会资本的正向影响,促进小型水利设施的合作供给;此外,通过加强组织服务功能、提高农户合作认知等,提高农户小型水利设施合作供给的参与行为。

    关键词多维社会资本; 集体行动; 合作供给;小型水利设施

    中图分类号F303.1文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)12-0046-09doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.007

    我国农村水利基础设施长期存在年久失修、运行效率低下的问题。水利作为农业生产的命脉,小型水利设施建设的滞后极大制约了农业生产的发展。从供给主体视角,农村社区小型水利设施建设依托村民合作供给是一种有效的方式[1-2]。然而由于中国社会转型期社会资本的缺失,导致灌溉中农户合作的困境。社会资本存在与否成为公共物品与服务供给集体行动能否成功的关键[3]。合作对于增加农民收入,提高农民在市场经济条件下的自主地位具有重要作用。社会资本作为集体行动发起的前提条件,对促进农户的合作行为具有重要意义。农户正是通过参与合作经济组织增加了社区的社会资本存量,促进了地方经济发展与乡村治理结构的优化[4]。

    农户是农业生产决策的最小单位,由于宗族型社会的特点以及农户交往的自己人结构,导致农户的行为逻辑不仅受客观因素判断如利润最大化目标的影响,而且受社会支持与社会关系的影响。农村社会中的差序格局和封闭性特点使得农户行为不仅是理性的个体决策,而且是从众的群体决策。大多数情况下,农户通过学习、模仿、互动和试错的方式达成合作行为的决策。在小型农村社区中,农户的学习、模仿就是通过其所拥有的人际关系及其带来的网络效应、长期生活在一起形成的共同价值观、行为范式和彼此间的信任、不同层次和级别的农户及组织的互动实现的,其行为受到其他农户以及所处环境的影响。因此,农户社会资本其本质就是农户个人和组织形成的社会关系通过信任、建立声望和参与水平获取资源的能力,实际上可以归结为社会网络、社会信任、社会声望和社会参与四个方面[5]。社会资本就是通过社会中个人和组织的网络构建及长期的信任规范约束来实现个人或组织的效益目标。

    1文献综述

    集体行动作为一种客观存在的社会现象,是行动个体理性行为的非合作博弈结果。在个体理性选择下,往往会出现个体理性和集体理性不一致、公共产品提供不足的悲剧性结果,如阿罗提出的“不可能性定理”、博弈论中著名的“囚徒困境”以及萨缪尔森的“搭便车理论”和哈丁的“公共地悲剧”等都详细的阐述了集体行动失败的原因。然而,研究也发现,这种集体行为选择理论是建立在同质性假设的基础上,忽视了现实生活中的异质性。从理论上看,极其复杂多变的个体决策行为可以通过突破传统经济学的同质性假设——运用个体异质性来表征。社会资本作为表征农户异质性的重要变量,两者交互作用共同对合作供给过程中决策的形成和决策方式产生影响。Uphoff认为,社会资本具有不同维度,它们促进信息的分享,有利于采取集体行动,提高个体的合作意愿和合作效率,并且相对客观并容易观察[6]。合作是网络中行动者互动的必然结果,合作越多,行动者之间的互动越多,社会资本的扩展程度越高,网络中的成员获益越多[7]。Ostrom利用社会资本理论分析农民如何克服搭便车问题,即通过对尼泊尔150个灌溉系统的经验性研究考察,认为农民完全有可能通过自己创造的社会资本克服困扰大小集团行动的搭便车问题[8],Isham 和 Kknen采用印度和斯里兰卡的数据探讨村庄社会资本水平与村民社区水服务项目的参与之间的关系,研究发现,社会资本水平越高,越有利于村民参与和监督水平的提高[9]。因此,社会资本可以为农民带来社会资本存量的不断提高,消除集体成员彼此的不信任,达成集体行动主体间的合作,使成员为实现集体的共同利益努力。庞娟对我国农村的研究也发现,在同质性较强的社区和具备良好社会资本结构的村庄,公共品的合作供给效果较好,社会资本对走出集体行动的困境,实现成员之间的合作具有一定的说服力[10]。李冰冰和王曙光利用全国10省17村494户农户调查数据,分析农村社区公共品提供中社会资本、村庄特征对农户参与程度的影响。研究发现,农户的社会资本对农户在乡村公共品提供中的参与程度具有积极作用,主要体现在农户的公共意识、政治意识、社团互助、社区认同、社区信任等因子[11]。然而也有学者指出,随着农村人口空心化的加剧,有利于农村公共品供给的乡村社会资本逐步瓦解,导致农村公共物品供给的困境[12]。此外,学者也讨论了社会资本的消极作用,认为社会资本“不仅阻碍了某种行为而且压制了其他行为”[13]。如毛寿龙指出,农户合作困境主要是受社会资本、较低的经济发展水平以及搭便车行为的制约[14]。

    然而,由于学者对社会资本的内涵各抒己见,关注的重点不同导致其度量方法多从社会资本的某一单一维度出发,从而忽视了社会资本的整体性特征及其不同维度在集体行动发起中所起的作用[8]。其次,在影响农户小型水利设施合作行为的因素中,不同维度社会资本的作用方向与作用效果如何?在合作行为形成过程中,农户基本特征、农业生产特征以及组织服务功能对合作行为的影响机理是什么?对这些问题的回答都是小型水利设施合作供给中亟需解决的问题,本文试图以小型水利设施合作供给为例,将社会资本归纳为社会信任、社会网络、社会参与和社会声望四个维度,考察农户小型水利设施合作供给参与行为的影响因素,探析不同维度社会资本影响集体行动实现的内在机理。其研究思路是:利用陕西省6 个类型村393户农户的调查数据,采用探索性因子分析法归纳农户社会资本的不同维度;在此基础上,构建计量经济模型分析不同维度社会资本对农户小型水利设施合作供给参与行为的影响,最后提出促进小型水利设施合作供给的对策建议。

    苗珊珊:社会资本多维异质性视角下农户小型水利设施合作参与行为研究中国人口·资源与环境2014年第12期2模型设定、研究假设与数据来源

    2.1研究假设与模型设定

    借鉴王昕、陆迁[5]的研究方法,本文主要从信任维度、参与维度、网络维度和声望维度测度农户社会资本拥有量。同时,在4个维度中又分别包含不同的变量,共27个变量(指标及赋值情况如表2 所示)。社会网络是行为主体内部各种关系的交互结构以及行为主体与外部的互动模式[15]。因此,对社会网络变量的设计主要从与不同对象的交流程度来确定。预计一个农户的社会网络越宽,其合作供给意愿也越强,对网络维度社会资本变量的设计主要从与不同主体的交互展开。第二,根据Durlauf 等的定义,社会信任就是基于网络过程所形成的行为规范和人与人之间的信赖,它们能促成产生好的社会和经济结果[16]。因此,社会信任体现了社会个体之间的相互信任程度,根据农村人际交往的“自己人”结构,农户对不同主体由亲及疏的不同信任程度,构成了信任维度社会资本的度量指标。第三,社会声望即社会大众对于他人的主观评价。Bourdieu认为社会资本以社会声望、名誉、权威和头衔等为符号,以社会契约为制度化形式,社会声望的形成主要表1农户社会资本维度及其度量指标

    由表5可知,社会信任、社会网络与社会参与维度对农户小型水利设施合作供给行为具有积极影响,而社会声望则具有消极影响。总体而言,总量社会资本有助于农户集体行动的实现。受教育程度、种植面积、小型水利设施对农业生产重要性的认识、维修情况、用水纠纷是影响农户参与小型水利设施合作的重要因素。具体分析如下:

    (1)社会资本。社会资本总量对合作行为的影响较为显著,系数检验在10%的水平上显著,且系数为正,即农户的总量社会资本越大,参与小型水利设施合作供给行为的可能性也越大,这与Coleman的研究结论相一致,并印证了本文的研究假设[27]。社会资本的各个维度中,社会网络在5%的显著性水平下通过检验,说明在小型水利设施合作供给中,农户与同村村民之间、与村干部、农业组织的关系越密切,越有可能参与水利设施的合作供给。这主要是由于农村传统宗族乡村主要以地缘、血缘与亲缘关系为纽带,网络作为资源动员的结构基础,发挥着沟通和团结农户的作用,从而有助于增强农户水利设施合作供给的参与行为。调研发现,农户社会网络具有同质性和封闭性的特点,有利于增加社会网络的集中度,较高的网络强度和较低的网络使用成本在一定范围内促进了集体行动的实现。社会信任通过了1%水平下的显著性检验,呈正相关关系,表明村民之间彼此的信任度越高,农户参与小型水利设施合作供给越容易达成一致,从而有助于农户小型水利设施合作供给的实现。Ostrom的研究也表明,社会信任是集体行动实现的关键因素[28]。社会信任可显著地增加农户的合作行为,这与我国的“差序信任”格局密切相关,农户之间的信任主要建立在血缘亲族关系基础之上,信任范围在扩展过程中遵循“就近原则(即由近及远、由亲及疏)”,由此,农户对家人、亲戚、朋友及陌生人的信任程度是由高到低进行排序的,农户对“自己人”的信任程度越高,越有利于集体行动的实现。社会参与对农户的合作行为影响十分显著,在5%的显著性水平下通过检验,呈正相关,即农户的公共事务参与程度越高越有利于集体行动的实现,反映了一定社区范围内具有某种成员资格的行动者获取稀缺资源的能力[29]。声望维度社会资本对农户合作行为产生负面影响,在10%的显著性水平下通过检验,表明以互惠为基础所建立的声望,弱化了农户的水利设施合作参与行为,农户更倾向于通过个体互惠的方式促进准公共物品的供给。这与波茨的研究结论一致,即消极社会资本在为团体成员带来利益同时,通常也能够禁止其他人获得收益,可能会形成封闭的系统而最终难以实现持续的发展与进步。此外,也反映出农户之间、农户与村干部或农户与合作组织领导人之间由于利益分配中的委托代理问题,弱化了社会资本促进集体行动实现的功能[30]。

    (2)农户基本特征与农业生产情况。从模型估计结果看,受教育程度变量对合作行为具有显著影响,通过5%的显著性检验。表明随着农户受教育程度的提高,农户能够更加客观地认识到个人利益与集体利益的关联性,其参与小型水利设施合作供给的可能性增加。农业生产情况方面,种植面积对合作行为的影响在1%的水平上显著,即农户的种植面积越大,参与小型水利设施合作供给行为的可能性越小,可能的原因是,随着种植面积的增加,规模收益促使农户通过自行购买或租赁小型水利设施满足灌溉需要,以达到提高土地边际收入实现收益最大化的目的。

    (3)农户认知程度。水利对农业重要性的认知是小型水利设施合作供给的重要影响因素,在1%的显著性水平下通过检验,说明水利设施重要性的认知是影响农户合作行为的主要因素。行为经济学认为认知决定行为主体的态度或看法,进而影响其选择行为。学者的研究也证实了认知的缺失和错位会对行为主体的支付意愿产生影响[31]。在小型水利设施合作供给的过程中,农户参与行为的实现是主观认知与客观环境的结合。由于运行资金的限制、监督成本等外在因素的影响,导致集体行动意愿与行为的悖离。这也说明合作经济组织作为农民自主、自治、自我发展和自我服务的组织,在努力提高农户的认知程度的基础上,需要配合相应的制度环境,以降低组织协调成本,使其内化为农户自身的理性选择。

    (4)组织服务功能。在影响农户小型水利设施合作供给行为的影响因素中,小型水利设施维修情况具有显著影响,在1%的显著性水平下通过检验,说明小型水利设施运转出现问题时维修的效率越高,将越有利于提高农户的参与积极性。因此,组织服务功能的完善有利于农户集体行动的实现,从而降低组织的运行成本。此外,农村农业灌溉用水以及相应而生的灌溉水费和用水纠纷往往是农民最为关注的问题和农村社会焦点。农户间的用水纠纷在1%的水平下通过显著性检验,反映出水权的不确定性是农户日常灌溉用水的主要矛盾,通过参与小型水利设施合作供给,使用水权的安排有序化,从而降低交易成本。

    4结论与讨论

    本文基于社会资本视角,利用2011 年陕西省关中地区393户农户的实地调查数据,运用因子分析法将社会资本分为社会信任、社会参与、社会网络、社会声望四个维度,在此基础上采用Probit模型,分析社会资本各维度对农民合作行为的影响。研究结果显示:社会资本不同维度对农户小型水利设施合作供给行为的影响各不相同。基于行为主体之间的社交网络与交往程度的网络维度社会资本、基于普遍信任与交往基础的信任维度社会资本以及基于组织内各成员之间公共事务的参与维度社会资本对农户水利设施合作行为有积极影响,而声望维度的社会资本却降低了农户的参与积极性,反映出某一维度的社会资本促进合作供给的实现,而另一维度的社会资本对合作供给起抑制作用,各维度社会资本的交互作用导致集体行动结果的随机性。

    第一,社会资本的多维异质性导致集体行动结果的不确定性。某一维度的社会资本会促进合作供给的产生,而另一维度的社会资本对合作供给起到抑制作用,而且各维度交互作用可能使社会资本对合作供给影响结果产生不同结果。正是这种复杂性导致了目前理论界对社会资本与农户自组织合作行为之间的关系存在不一致的结论。因此,在社会资本对合作行为的影响研究中,应加强社会资本不同维度的研究,重视对社会资本各维度作用机制的考察。

    第二,农村公共物品自发供给中社会资本的消极影响不容忽视,可能使农村公共物品自发供给面临失败的威胁。由于社区或是小集团的局限性,如当社区内外基于个体异质特征或收入差距而产生分歧时,社区治理可能会更多的鼓励辖区内的种族歧视和狭隘意识,而不是弥补政府和市场失灵。本研究仅考虑了社会资本异质性对小型水利设施合作供给的影响,下一步的研究方向应考虑个体异质性与社会资本异质性共同作用如何导致集体行动实现的机理。

    第三,社会资本是导致农户小型水利设施支付意愿与支付行为悖离的重要因素。据调查,实际支出的农户仅占具有支付意愿农户数的三分之二,社会资本在准公共物品的供给中,发挥了一定的社会保险功能,导致农户实际支付行为的降低,然而这种功能发挥背后的作用机理是什么,社会资本及不同维度对农户小型水利设施合作供给的意愿与行为的悖离到底有什么影响,其作用机制和影响效果有待进一步研究。

    因此,应着力培育不同维度社会资本,促进小型水利设施合作供给。社会资本是集体行动开展的前提和基础,应从提高村民的参与意识入手,加强对农户的宣传教育,彼此之间因参与而互相信赖,从而建立起成员之间普遍信任的人际网络关系。这不仅是农户之间的学习与互动,更是小型水利设施合作组织社会资本培育的最好机会。其次要加强社会网络的构建,由于我国独特的乡土民情,农户在传统的乡间地头彼此间更容易形成一种连接,这种连接是血缘关系和地缘关系的结合体,农户对不同关系的偏好及占用情况对农户的自身发展和小型水利设施合作组织的成长起着重要作用。

    (编辑:刘呈庆)

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    [22]赵立娟. 农民用水者协会形成及有效运行的经济分析[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2009.[Zhao Lijuan. Rural Water User Association Formation and Efficient Carrying out Analysis[D].Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.]

    [23]张兵,孟德锋. 农户参与灌溉管理意愿的影响因素分析[J].农业经济问题,2009, (2):66-72.[Zhaing Bing, Meng Defeng. The Willingness of Farmers Participative Behaviour and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Rural Problems, 2009, (2):66-72.]

    [24]黄祖辉. 农民专业合作组织发展的影响因素分析[J]. 中国农村经济,2002,(3):54-58.[Huang Zuhui. Agricultural Professional Cooperatives Development Influencing Factors[J]. China Rural Economy, 2002, (3):54-58.]

    [25]孙亚范. 现阶段我国农民合作需求与意愿的实证研究[J].江苏社会科学, 2003, (1):204-208.[Sun Yafan. Empirical Analysis on Farmer Cooperating Demand[J]. Jiangsu Social Science, 2003, (1):204-208.]

    [26]黄瑞芹,杨云彦. 中国农村居民社会资本的经济回报[J].世界经济文汇,2008, (6):53-63. [Huang Ruiqin, Yang Yunyan. The Return of Chinese Rural Households Social Capital[J]. World Economic Papers, 2008, (6):53-63.]

    [27]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1998, 94:95-120.

    [28]Ostrom E, Ahn T. The Meaning of Social Capital and Its Link to Collective Action[M]. Svendsen G T, Svendsen G L H. Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.

    [29]DiPasquale D, Edward L. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?[J]. Journal of Urban Economic,1999,45 (2):354-384.

    [30]万生新,李世平,宁泽逵. 社会资本视角下农民用水户满意度研究: 基于陕西省宝鸡峡灌区农民用水户的调查[J].经济问题,2012,(2):78-82.[Wan Shengxin, Li Shiping, Ning Zekui. Farmers Water Using Satisfaction Based on Social Capital Perspective[J]. Economic Problems, 2012, (2):78-82.]

    [31]王锋,张小栓,穆维松,等. 消费者对可追溯农产品的认知和支付意愿分析[J].中国农村经济,2009,(3):68-74.[Wang Feng, Zhang Xiaoshuan, Mu Weisong, et al. The Consumers Recognition and Willingness to Pay for Traceable Farm Produce[J]. China Rural Economy, 2009,(3):68-74.]

    Farmers Smallscale Irrigation Facilities Participative Behavior under

    Multidimensional Social Capital Perspective

    MIAO Shanshan1,2

    (1.Research Center of Safety and Emergency Management, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China;

    2. Emergency Management School, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China)

    AbstractSmallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply is a useful way to realize effective supply of quasipublic goods, while it is the result of rural households individual choice. Theoretical study finds that individual decisionmaking behavior is extremely complex, it could be characterized by individual heterogeneity which changed the traditional assumption: homogeneity. This paper explores the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action issues by introducing the concept of rural households individual heterogeneity, the objective is to examine the interaction mechanism between smallscale irrigation facilities collective action and rural households social capital, trying to resolve the collective action dilemma for smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply. Firstly, this paper empirically analyses the influence of four components of social capital on farmers behavior in participating in collective actions; it is for constructing and operating smallscale irrigation systems in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, China. The four components consist of social networking; social trust, social prestige and social participation were derived by employing factor analysis. We use a Probit model to estimate the influence of these components on farmers participative behavior. The findings indicate that social capital multidimensional heterogeneity has a significant impact on the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action. It is revealed that considering different components of social capital allows for a better understanding of farmers participative behavior. We find that higher levels of social trust, social networking and social participation lead to a higher propensity for collective action; however, social prestige reduces the possibility of farmers participative behavior. It is reflected that multidimensional social capital will lead to the uncertainty results of collective action. A dimension of social capital promotes farmers smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply participative behavior; however, other dimensions of social capital will play an inhibitory effect on the farmers participative behavior. Therefore, the interaction between the different dimensions of social capital may affect the results of the collective action. Other socioeconomic factors and farming characteristics such as farmers education level, farmers recognition, as well as smallscale irrigation facilities maintenance condition and water disputes have positive significant effects on farmers participative behavior, while the cultivated area has negative effects on farmers participative behavior. Finally, it is suggested that the government should encourage farmers participative behavior by cultivating farmers multidimensional social capital and modifying the positive dimensions of social capital. Moreover, the government should strengthen organization service function and improve farmers cooperative consciousness.

    Key wordsmultidimensional social capital; collective action; cooperative supply; smallscale irrigation facilities

    [22]赵立娟. 农民用水者协会形成及有效运行的经济分析[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2009.[Zhao Lijuan. Rural Water User Association Formation and Efficient Carrying out Analysis[D].Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.]

    [23]张兵,孟德锋. 农户参与灌溉管理意愿的影响因素分析[J].农业经济问题,2009, (2):66-72.[Zhaing Bing, Meng Defeng. The Willingness of Farmers Participative Behaviour and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Rural Problems, 2009, (2):66-72.]

    [24]黄祖辉. 农民专业合作组织发展的影响因素分析[J]. 中国农村经济,2002,(3):54-58.[Huang Zuhui. Agricultural Professional Cooperatives Development Influencing Factors[J]. China Rural Economy, 2002, (3):54-58.]

    [25]孙亚范. 现阶段我国农民合作需求与意愿的实证研究[J].江苏社会科学, 2003, (1):204-208.[Sun Yafan. Empirical Analysis on Farmer Cooperating Demand[J]. Jiangsu Social Science, 2003, (1):204-208.]

    [26]黄瑞芹,杨云彦. 中国农村居民社会资本的经济回报[J].世界经济文汇,2008, (6):53-63. [Huang Ruiqin, Yang Yunyan. The Return of Chinese Rural Households Social Capital[J]. World Economic Papers, 2008, (6):53-63.]

    [27]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1998, 94:95-120.

    [28]Ostrom E, Ahn T. The Meaning of Social Capital and Its Link to Collective Action[M]. Svendsen G T, Svendsen G L H. Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.

    [29]DiPasquale D, Edward L. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?[J]. Journal of Urban Economic,1999,45 (2):354-384.

    [30]万生新,李世平,宁泽逵. 社会资本视角下农民用水户满意度研究: 基于陕西省宝鸡峡灌区农民用水户的调查[J].经济问题,2012,(2):78-82.[Wan Shengxin, Li Shiping, Ning Zekui. Farmers Water Using Satisfaction Based on Social Capital Perspective[J]. Economic Problems, 2012, (2):78-82.]

    [31]王锋,张小栓,穆维松,等. 消费者对可追溯农产品的认知和支付意愿分析[J].中国农村经济,2009,(3):68-74.[Wang Feng, Zhang Xiaoshuan, Mu Weisong, et al. The Consumers Recognition and Willingness to Pay for Traceable Farm Produce[J]. China Rural Economy, 2009,(3):68-74.]

    Farmers Smallscale Irrigation Facilities Participative Behavior under

    Multidimensional Social Capital Perspective

    MIAO Shanshan1,2

    (1.Research Center of Safety and Emergency Management, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China;

    2. Emergency Management School, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China)

    AbstractSmallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply is a useful way to realize effective supply of quasipublic goods, while it is the result of rural households individual choice. Theoretical study finds that individual decisionmaking behavior is extremely complex, it could be characterized by individual heterogeneity which changed the traditional assumption: homogeneity. This paper explores the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action issues by introducing the concept of rural households individual heterogeneity, the objective is to examine the interaction mechanism between smallscale irrigation facilities collective action and rural households social capital, trying to resolve the collective action dilemma for smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply. Firstly, this paper empirically analyses the influence of four components of social capital on farmers behavior in participating in collective actions; it is for constructing and operating smallscale irrigation systems in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, China. The four components consist of social networking; social trust, social prestige and social participation were derived by employing factor analysis. We use a Probit model to estimate the influence of these components on farmers participative behavior. The findings indicate that social capital multidimensional heterogeneity has a significant impact on the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action. It is revealed that considering different components of social capital allows for a better understanding of farmers participative behavior. We find that higher levels of social trust, social networking and social participation lead to a higher propensity for collective action; however, social prestige reduces the possibility of farmers participative behavior. It is reflected that multidimensional social capital will lead to the uncertainty results of collective action. A dimension of social capital promotes farmers smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply participative behavior; however, other dimensions of social capital will play an inhibitory effect on the farmers participative behavior. Therefore, the interaction between the different dimensions of social capital may affect the results of the collective action. Other socioeconomic factors and farming characteristics such as farmers education level, farmers recognition, as well as smallscale irrigation facilities maintenance condition and water disputes have positive significant effects on farmers participative behavior, while the cultivated area has negative effects on farmers participative behavior. Finally, it is suggested that the government should encourage farmers participative behavior by cultivating farmers multidimensional social capital and modifying the positive dimensions of social capital. Moreover, the government should strengthen organization service function and improve farmers cooperative consciousness.

    Key wordsmultidimensional social capital; collective action; cooperative supply; smallscale irrigation facilities

    [22]赵立娟. 农民用水者协会形成及有效运行的经济分析[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2009.[Zhao Lijuan. Rural Water User Association Formation and Efficient Carrying out Analysis[D].Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.]

    [23]张兵,孟德锋. 农户参与灌溉管理意愿的影响因素分析[J].农业经济问题,2009, (2):66-72.[Zhaing Bing, Meng Defeng. The Willingness of Farmers Participative Behaviour and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Rural Problems, 2009, (2):66-72.]

    [24]黄祖辉. 农民专业合作组织发展的影响因素分析[J]. 中国农村经济,2002,(3):54-58.[Huang Zuhui. Agricultural Professional Cooperatives Development Influencing Factors[J]. China Rural Economy, 2002, (3):54-58.]

    [25]孙亚范. 现阶段我国农民合作需求与意愿的实证研究[J].江苏社会科学, 2003, (1):204-208.[Sun Yafan. Empirical Analysis on Farmer Cooperating Demand[J]. Jiangsu Social Science, 2003, (1):204-208.]

    [26]黄瑞芹,杨云彦. 中国农村居民社会资本的经济回报[J].世界经济文汇,2008, (6):53-63. [Huang Ruiqin, Yang Yunyan. The Return of Chinese Rural Households Social Capital[J]. World Economic Papers, 2008, (6):53-63.]

    [27]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1998, 94:95-120.

    [28]Ostrom E, Ahn T. The Meaning of Social Capital and Its Link to Collective Action[M]. Svendsen G T, Svendsen G L H. Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.

    [29]DiPasquale D, Edward L. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?[J]. Journal of Urban Economic,1999,45 (2):354-384.

    [30]万生新,李世平,宁泽逵. 社会资本视角下农民用水户满意度研究: 基于陕西省宝鸡峡灌区农民用水户的调查[J].经济问题,2012,(2):78-82.[Wan Shengxin, Li Shiping, Ning Zekui. Farmers Water Using Satisfaction Based on Social Capital Perspective[J]. Economic Problems, 2012, (2):78-82.]

    [31]王锋,张小栓,穆维松,等. 消费者对可追溯农产品的认知和支付意愿分析[J].中国农村经济,2009,(3):68-74.[Wang Feng, Zhang Xiaoshuan, Mu Weisong, et al. The Consumers Recognition and Willingness to Pay for Traceable Farm Produce[J]. China Rural Economy, 2009,(3):68-74.]

    Farmers Smallscale Irrigation Facilities Participative Behavior under

    Multidimensional Social Capital Perspective

    MIAO Shanshan1,2

    (1.Research Center of Safety and Emergency Management, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China;

    2. Emergency Management School, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China)

    AbstractSmallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply is a useful way to realize effective supply of quasipublic goods, while it is the result of rural households individual choice. Theoretical study finds that individual decisionmaking behavior is extremely complex, it could be characterized by individual heterogeneity which changed the traditional assumption: homogeneity. This paper explores the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action issues by introducing the concept of rural households individual heterogeneity, the objective is to examine the interaction mechanism between smallscale irrigation facilities collective action and rural households social capital, trying to resolve the collective action dilemma for smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply. Firstly, this paper empirically analyses the influence of four components of social capital on farmers behavior in participating in collective actions; it is for constructing and operating smallscale irrigation systems in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, China. The four components consist of social networking; social trust, social prestige and social participation were derived by employing factor analysis. We use a Probit model to estimate the influence of these components on farmers participative behavior. The findings indicate that social capital multidimensional heterogeneity has a significant impact on the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action. It is revealed that considering different components of social capital allows for a better understanding of farmers participative behavior. We find that higher levels of social trust, social networking and social participation lead to a higher propensity for collective action; however, social prestige reduces the possibility of farmers participative behavior. It is reflected that multidimensional social capital will lead to the uncertainty results of collective action. A dimension of social capital promotes farmers smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply participative behavior; however, other dimensions of social capital will play an inhibitory effect on the farmers participative behavior. Therefore, the interaction between the different dimensions of social capital may affect the results of the collective action. Other socioeconomic factors and farming characteristics such as farmers education level, farmers recognition, as well as smallscale irrigation facilities maintenance condition and water disputes have positive significant effects on farmers participative behavior, while the cultivated area has negative effects on farmers participative behavior. Finally, it is suggested that the government should encourage farmers participative behavior by cultivating farmers multidimensional social capital and modifying the positive dimensions of social capital. Moreover, the government should strengthen organization service function and improve farmers cooperative consciousness.

    Key wordsmultidimensional social capital; collective action; cooperative supply; smallscale irrigation facilities

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