旱地玉米套种拉巴豆栽培技术
高应平 李文彬 李春阳 史文娟
摘要:从选地整地、施肥、覆膜、品种选择、种子处理、播种、田间管理、病虫草害防治、收获与青贮及残膜回收等方面介绍了旱地玉米套种拉巴豆栽培技术。
关键词:玉米;拉巴豆;套种;栽培技术
中图分类号:S513;S529? ?文献标志码:B? ? 文章编号:1001-1463(2020)09-0058-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2020.09.015
Abstract:With white cotton, brown cotton and green cotton cultivars (lines) with different drought resistance are used as test materials, The relationship between physiological and biochemical indexes and drought resistance of flower-boll cotton under different water deficit irrigation conditions was studied with multivariate statistical analysis and method. The results showed that with the increase of drought stress, drought stress increased the POD activity, CAT activity of cotton leaves, Relative conductance rate and MDA content and proline content were increased, But the drought stress have no effect on same cotton varieties. Reduce the water loss rate of cutting leaves and relative water content, there are differences on varieties between soluble protein content and soluble sugar content. Comprehensive evaluation and analysis results show that the BC05-07-18-2 of brown cotton was the strongest drought resistance, green cotton G3-6 was the weakest drought resistance. Under the condition of no irrigation, the relative water content and Car content be regarded as the important indexes of drought resistance identification of cotton, Chlorophyll content and Soluble sugar content were taken as good indexes for determining or influencing cotton drought resistance. Under the condition of half irrigation, the relative conductance rate and the water loss rate of cutting leaves be regarded as the important indexes of drought resistance identification of cotton, CAT activity, MDA content, and Proline content were taken as good indexes for determining or influencing cotton drought resistance. It was a good linear regression relation between drought resistance coefficient and relative water content Soluble protein content, Drought resistance coefficient and relative conductance rate were significantly negative.
Key words:Colored cotton;Drought tolerance;Screening index;Factor analysis;Comprehensive evaluation
拉巴豆(Dolichos lablab L.)別名眉豆、扁豆,原产澳大利亚,豆科蝶形花亚科菜豆族扁豆属,是热带和亚热带地区优良高产的牧草,也是一种绿肥作物[1 - 2 ]。拉巴豆因其营养价值高、固氮性能好、产草量高、容易繁殖、便于推广的优良特性,现已成为国内最主要的牧草之一[3 - 4 ]。全膜双垄沟播玉米的普及促进了畜牧产业的发展,大量的玉米秸秆和籽粒为畜牧业提供了优质饲草料。随着畜牧产业的进一步提升,单一的玉米青贮不能满足优质饲草的发展需要[5 - 6 ]。庄浪县农业技术推广中心通过3 a试验与示范,总结完善了玉米套种拉巴豆高产高效栽培技术。该项技术生物产量(含水量70%半鲜重)达91.5 t/hm2,比单一种植玉米增产24 t/hm2,增幅达到26.2%,增加纯收益7 680.0元/hm2,不仅提升了饲草质量,还为旱作农业向粮改饲发展奠定了基础。
1? ?选地整地
选择地势平坦、土层深厚、土质疏松、土壤肥沃、适宜全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米的田块。前茬收获后及时深耕灭茬,深耕25~30 cm。浅耕耙耱,使土壤绵软疏松,利于秋覆膜和顶凌覆膜。
2? ?施肥
结合整地施优质农家肥30 000~45 000 kg/hm2(或商品有机肥600~1 800 kg/hm2)、N 180~270 kg/hm2、P2O5 120~150 kg/hm2、K2O 75~150 kg/hm2。全部磷肥、钾肥及1/2氮肥作底肥,其余1/2氮肥拔节期追施。
3? ?覆膜
按小垄宽40 cm、高15 cm,大垄宽70 cm、高10 cm的规格起垄覆膜。选择厚0.010~0.012 mm、幅宽100~120 cm或120~140 cm的聚乙烯农用地膜,或生物降解地膜。
4? ?品种选择
玉米品种选择抗病性强、生物产量高的粮饲兼用品种或青贮品种,如先玉335、玉源7879、农华101、M751、DK519、文玉3号、陇青贮1号、金凯3号、甘玉23、京九166等。拉巴豆选用抗病性强、生长势强的品种海沃、润高、高值等。
5? ?种子处理
玉米选用包衣种子,拉巴豆選用新鲜、成熟度一致、饱满的籽粒作种。有条件的采用专用根瘤菌拌种,当天拌种当天播完,切忌与农药混用。
6? ?播种
地温稳定在10 ℃以上即可播种玉米,一般在4月中下旬播种。玉米播种后7~10 d,即4月下旬至5月上旬播种拉巴豆。全膜双垄沟播玉米按1粒/穴+2粒/穴+1粒/穴的模式播种,平均行距55 cm,株距30~35 cm,播种密度52 500~60 000穴/hm2,用种量22.5~30.0 kg/hm2。拉巴豆播种密度52 500~60 000穴/hm2,每穴2~3粒,用种量52.5~60.0 kg/hm2。用手推式“葫芦头”或手提式点播器点播。玉米播在小垄沟内,拉巴豆播在小垄外侧5~10 cm处,拉巴豆与玉米同行同向但不能同穴播种。播深3~5 cm。
7? ?田间管理
苗期管理重点是保全苗,出苗时应及时查苗补苗。对不能及时出苗的要及时放苗,缺苗的应及时补播,保证全苗。玉米拔节期追施尿素225~300 kg/hm2,在玉米株间打孔施入。
8? ?病虫草害防治
地下害虫用40%辛硫磷乳油3.75 kg/hm2与细土或麸皮拌成毒土,结合整地撒入土壤防治。田间杂草用50%乙草胺乳油1 500~2 250 mL/hm2兑水450~600 kg于覆膜前在地面均匀喷洒防治。玉米大小斑病、灰斑病、灰霉病选用25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 000~1 500倍液,或50%速克灵可湿性粉剂1 500倍液喷雾防治,同时兼治拉巴豆灰霉病和菌核病等。拉巴豆叶斑病、炭疽病用70%安泰生可湿性粉剂600~700倍液喷雾防治,不但防病效果好,还可减少豆类因缺锌而引起的减产。玉米螟、蚜虫、粘虫、豆荚螟、卷叶蛾、叶甲潜叶蝇选用10%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1 000倍液,或10%阿维菌素悬浮剂1 500倍液,或10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂? ?1 000~1 500倍液喷雾防治。
9? ?收获与青贮
收获时期以玉米乳熟后期为最佳,即玉米灌浆达到乳线2/3时连同拉巴豆一同收获。收获不宜过晚,过晚易遇早霜,造成枝叶干枯,养分流失。收获后及时按照青贮饲料的要求对玉米秸秆与拉巴豆混合粉碎,然后青贮。
10? ?残膜回收
采用螺旋滚筒式或耙齿式等残留地膜清理机清除残膜。也可采用人工揭膜、捡拾等办法清理回收。
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(本文责编:杨? ? 杰)