雌性三倍体太平洋牡蛎减数分裂中期染色体观察

    辛荣+李慷均+王昭萍

    DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-6755.2014.04.015

    摘 要:采用铁矾苏木精压片的方法,光镜下观察了三倍体太平洋牡蛎卵细胞第一次减数分裂Ⅰ中期染色体的聚合形态。研究发现,聚合形态在不同细胞、不同个体间变化较大,但大多数聚合体以三价体为主,同时存在着单价体、二价体和超聚合体。由于聚合价态的不同导致细胞内聚合体数目出现较大差异,10~13个的细胞占多数,其他数目的较少,细胞内最高可达18个聚合体。

    关键词:太平洋牡蛎;三倍体;减数分裂;聚合体

    多倍体一直是贝类细胞遗传学研究的热点领域之一。研究染色体行为、数目不仅对于了解其遗传组成、发育机制有重要意义,而且对于预测多倍体育种结果具有重要的参考价值。因太平洋牡蛎四倍体通常是通过三倍体卵子与二倍体精子受精后抑制第一极体获得。本研究对于三倍体卵子染色体行为的观察,旨在为其提供初步的参考数据。

     1 材料与方法

     1.1 材料

     实验所用三倍体太平洋牡蛎取自威海荣城寻山。所选个体均经流式细胞以鉴定,证明为三倍体个体。

     1.2 方法

    1.2.1 卵细胞制片样品的制备 将牡蛎解剖,经性别鉴定后,挑选成熟度较好的个体,解剖取卵,卵子先后经200目和500目筛绢网过滤去除较大的组织碎片、组织液和碎屑。洗好的卵置于24 ℃的海水中促熟40 min使其胚泡破裂,待卵子沉淀后,去掉海水,加0.075 mol/L的氯化钾低渗40 min,再用卡诺固定液(甲醇:冰醋酸=3:1)固定[1],此后每隔20 min,20 min,40 min,40 min更换固定液一次,最后置4 ℃冰箱中保存备用。

    1.2.2 压片 用吸管吸取卵细胞悬液,在洁净载玻片上滴2滴,稍后,在样品的稠密处,滴2~3滴苏木精-铁矾染液(0.5 g苏木精溶解于100 mL的体积分数为45%的醋酸中,后加适量的铁明矾使染液呈棕蓝色),轻轻盖上盖玻片,避免有气泡产生,酒精灯微热,2~3 min后,用手指轻轻用力压盖玻片。镜检,将具有好的分裂相的片子冷冻揭片,中性树胶封片。并利用Olympus显微镜拍照。

    2 实验结果

    

    图1 分裂相中不同聚合体所占的百分比

     试验对6个个体卵细胞内聚合体数进行统计显示,三倍体太平洋牡蛎的卵子中期聚合体数目的变化较复杂,配对较为混乱。在所观察的6个个体中,从8~18呈现不连续分布,最高可达18个,主要为10~13个聚合体,平均每细胞的聚合体数在10.59~12.08之间(表1)。在三倍体太平洋牡蛎的卵子中,只有少数细胞能判别聚合体的价态,大部分为三价体,同时并存有单价体和二价体甚至超聚合体(超过三价体的聚合形态)。细胞中联会状况细胞彼此间也非常复杂。大部分染色体能配对,染色较浓,收缩变粗,相互之间易区分,主要是三价体,少数可明显看出是多价体;存在由两条已联会的二价体通过端部联合形成四价体;也有的有多条同源染色体相互交叉折叠配对形成的多价复合体。已联会的二价体,形态清晰,配对交叉清晰可见(见图2)。据观察在同一个体中,卵细胞发育并不完全同步。

     在所观察的所有细胞中,随机挑选11个染色体形态较为清晰的分裂相进行价态分析结果(图1)。在123个聚合体的统计观察表明三价体占总数的70.73%,其次是单价体和二价体,两者所占比例基本相当,最少的是超聚合体,仅占3.25%。

    表1 三倍体卵子聚合体数目列表

    

    个体

    No. 观察卵

    细胞数 含不同聚合体数的卵细胞数

    聚合体数

    8 9 10 11 12 13 14 18

    1 39 2 1 5 9 11 10 1

    2 39 1 1 6 10 8 10

    3 36 1 2 5 11 9 7 2

    4 40 3 3 7 10 9 9

    5 44 5 1 7 7 9 10 4 1

    6 40 2 2 9 10 8 8 1

    合计 238 14 10 39 57 54 54 8 1

    百分比/% 5.88 4.2 16.32 23.95 22.69 22.69 3.36 0.42

    

    a.示12个聚合体,示单价体,示“X”型二价体;b.示10个聚合体,示三价体,示一四价体形式;

    c.示18个聚合体,示单价体,示三价体,示二价体d.示13个聚合体,示超聚合体

    

    图2 不同聚合体数目的三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)卵细胞

     3 讨论

     3.1 卵子发育状况

     在人工诱导的贝类三倍体中,生殖腺的不育性程度很高。国内外学者曾用组织学的方法对三倍体长牡蛎生殖腺发育进行过研究,发现虽然三倍体配子发育受阻,但雌性和雄性三倍体均发育分化出一些性腺组织,仍能形成一定量的配子[2-3]。据本实验观察,三倍体卵子的发育同二倍体卵子发育相同,停滞在第一次减数分裂前期,发育较好,经24 ℃海水促熟部分卵子可达到第一次减数分裂中期(见图2)。中期同样也有核仁的存在,而事实也证明三倍体卵子完全有能力受精[4-6]。

     3.2 同源染色体的配对

     三倍体卵子中有三套同源染色体,共30条染色体,原则上每个同源组的三条有可能出现以下三种情况:一是形成10个二价体,10个单价体;二是十个三价体;三是单价体,二价体、三价体甚至更高多价体同时并存。在三倍体减数分裂同源染色体配对中,单价体和二价体是联会不完全的标志,三价体数目的减少就意味着单价体和二价体的增多(见图2-c)。此外,在三倍体中存在的超聚合现象,有可能存在非同源配对现象(见图2-d)。

     实验发现在三倍体同源染色体的联会非常复杂,与前人的研究结果较为一致[7-8]。有些卵子能形成十个聚合体,绝大部分是十个三价体。有些多于或少于10个,似乎并无规律可循。聚合体则以单价体、二价体、三价体,甚至超聚合体的形式存在,甚至在同一细胞中也存在多种聚合现象(见图2)。从其粗线期细胞中可观察到正在配对的交叉以及不同聚合体的构型来看,三倍体太平洋牡蛎可作为多倍体减数分裂染色体配对与联会机制的理想材料。本研究发现该现象也同样存在于三倍体太平洋牡蛎减数分裂同源联会中。

     3.3 同源染色体交叉与分离

     在三倍体太平洋牡蛎中,这种复杂的联会形式有可能直接影响以后减数分裂染色体分离的形式。据观察,染色体分离似乎与联会程度没有关系,大多数卵子能完成两次减数分裂,类似于二倍体卵子,只是三倍体中多出的一组染色体随机分配到细胞两端[9-10]。三倍体所产生的绝大多数配子的染色体数目在n和2n之间,在三倍体日本珍珠贝卵细胞的减数分裂中也观察到了类似情况[11]。参考文献:

    [1] 辛荣,王昭萍,于瑞海,等.太平洋牡蛎卵母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ--染色体交叉配对观察[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(2):265-268

    [2] 李霞,张国范,王永平,等.三倍体牡蛎性腺组织学研究[J].大连水产学院学报,1999,14(2):1-6

    [3] 曾志南,林琪,吴建绍,等.长牡蛎二倍体和三倍体生殖腺发育的组织学观察.水产学报,1999,18(3):332-339

    [4] Allen ,S.K., Jr., and S. l. Downing. Performance of triploid Pacific oysters.Crassostrea gigas Gametogenesis. Can. J. Fish[J]. Aquat. Sci. 1990,47: 1213-1222

    [5] Allen, S.K., Jr.. Reproductive Sterility of Triploid Shellfish and Fish[D]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 1987

    [6] 巩宁,张国范.长牡蛎非整倍体的制备胚胎发育及存活能力[J].中国水产科学,2003,10(1):5-9

    [7] Guo, X., and S.K.Allen,Jr. Reproductive potential and genetics of triploid pacific oyster[J]. Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg).boil.Bull. 1994,187:309-318

    [8] Que,H., Guo,X., Zhang,F., Standish.K., and Allen,Jr.Chromosome Segregation in Fertilized Eggs From Triploid Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg), Following Inhibition of Polar Body Ⅰ.Biol.bull.1997,193:14-19

    [9] Guo,X. Studies on tetraploid induction in the Pacific oysters. Crassostrea gigas (Thunber). Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington. Seatle. WA 1991

    [10] Guo, X., W. K. Hershberger, K.Cooper. and K. K. Chew. Genetic consequences of blocking polar body Ⅰwith cytochalasin B in fertilized eggs of the Pacific oyster. Crassostrea gigas:Ⅱ.Segregation of chromosomes. Biol.Bull. 1992,183:387-393

    [11] Komaru,A., and K.T.Wada. Meiotic maturation and progeny of oocytes from triploid pearl oyster (Pinctada.fucata martensii) fertilized with spermatozoa from diploid. Aquaculture. 1994,120: 61-70

    

    Observations of Chromosome Aggregates in Triploid Pacific

    Oyster Eggs at Metaphase Ⅰduring Meiosis

    XIN Rong1, LI Kang

    ________________________________________

    jun1,WANG Zhao

    ________________________________________

    ping2

    ( 1.The aquaculture department of Rizhao Polytechnic, 276823;

    2. Dept. of life sciences and technology , Ocean University of China, Qingdao,266003)

    Abstract:The chromosome synapsis configurations in triploid pacific oyster eggs at metaphase Ⅰduring meiosis were observed with acteo-haematoxylin stained under light microscope . Synapsis in eggs from triploid Pacific oyster were highly variable and chaotic, but most synapsis are trivalent, and univalent, bivalent and multivalent also occurred. Different synapsis formation contribute to the variations of synapsis number, most are 10-13, the greatest can reached 18.

    Key words:Pacific oyster; triploid oyster;meiosis, synapsis

    (收稿日期:2014-02-17)

    [3] 曾志南,林琪,吴建绍,等.长牡蛎二倍体和三倍体生殖腺发育的组织学观察.水产学报,1999,18(3):332-339

    [4] Allen ,S.K., Jr., and S. l. Downing. Performance of triploid Pacific oysters.Crassostrea gigas Gametogenesis. Can. J. Fish[J]. Aquat. Sci. 1990,47: 1213-1222

    [5] Allen, S.K., Jr.. Reproductive Sterility of Triploid Shellfish and Fish[D]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 1987

    [6] 巩宁,张国范.长牡蛎非整倍体的制备胚胎发育及存活能力[J].中国水产科学,2003,10(1):5-9

    [7] Guo, X., and S.K.Allen,Jr. Reproductive potential and genetics of triploid pacific oyster[J]. Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg).boil.Bull. 1994,187:309-318

    [8] Que,H., Guo,X., Zhang,F., Standish.K., and Allen,Jr.Chromosome Segregation in Fertilized Eggs From Triploid Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg), Following Inhibition of Polar Body Ⅰ.Biol.bull.1997,193:14-19

    [9] Guo,X. Studies on tetraploid induction in the Pacific oysters. Crassostrea gigas (Thunber). Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington. Seatle. WA 1991

    [10] Guo, X., W. K. Hershberger, K.Cooper. and K. K. Chew. Genetic consequences of blocking polar body Ⅰwith cytochalasin B in fertilized eggs of the Pacific oyster. Crassostrea gigas:Ⅱ.Segregation of chromosomes. Biol.Bull. 1992,183:387-393

    [11] Komaru,A., and K.T.Wada. Meiotic maturation and progeny of oocytes from triploid pearl oyster (Pinctada.fucata martensii) fertilized with spermatozoa from diploid. Aquaculture. 1994,120: 61-70

    

    Observations of Chromosome Aggregates in Triploid Pacific

    Oyster Eggs at Metaphase Ⅰduring Meiosis

    XIN Rong1, LI Kang

    ________________________________________

    jun1,WANG Zhao

    ________________________________________

    ping2

    ( 1.The aquaculture department of Rizhao Polytechnic, 276823;

    2. Dept. of life sciences and technology , Ocean University of China, Qingdao,266003)

    Abstract:The chromosome synapsis configurations in triploid pacific oyster eggs at metaphase Ⅰduring meiosis were observed with acteo-haematoxylin stained under light microscope . Synapsis in eggs from triploid Pacific oyster were highly variable and chaotic, but most synapsis are trivalent, and univalent, bivalent and multivalent also occurred. Different synapsis formation contribute to the variations of synapsis number, most are 10-13, the greatest can reached 18.

    Key words:Pacific oyster; triploid oyster;meiosis, synapsis

    (收稿日期:2014-02-17)

    [3] 曾志南,林琪,吴建绍,等.长牡蛎二倍体和三倍体生殖腺发育的组织学观察.水产学报,1999,18(3):332-339

    [4] Allen ,S.K., Jr., and S. l. Downing. Performance of triploid Pacific oysters.Crassostrea gigas Gametogenesis. Can. J. Fish[J]. Aquat. Sci. 1990,47: 1213-1222

    [5] Allen, S.K., Jr.. Reproductive Sterility of Triploid Shellfish and Fish[D]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 1987

    [6] 巩宁,张国范.长牡蛎非整倍体的制备胚胎发育及存活能力[J].中国水产科学,2003,10(1):5-9

    [7] Guo, X., and S.K.Allen,Jr. Reproductive potential and genetics of triploid pacific oyster[J]. Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg).boil.Bull. 1994,187:309-318

    [8] Que,H., Guo,X., Zhang,F., Standish.K., and Allen,Jr.Chromosome Segregation in Fertilized Eggs From Triploid Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg), Following Inhibition of Polar Body Ⅰ.Biol.bull.1997,193:14-19

    [9] Guo,X. Studies on tetraploid induction in the Pacific oysters. Crassostrea gigas (Thunber). Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington. Seatle. WA 1991

    [10] Guo, X., W. K. Hershberger, K.Cooper. and K. K. Chew. Genetic consequences of blocking polar body Ⅰwith cytochalasin B in fertilized eggs of the Pacific oyster. Crassostrea gigas:Ⅱ.Segregation of chromosomes. Biol.Bull. 1992,183:387-393

    [11] Komaru,A., and K.T.Wada. Meiotic maturation and progeny of oocytes from triploid pearl oyster (Pinctada.fucata martensii) fertilized with spermatozoa from diploid. Aquaculture. 1994,120: 61-70

    

    Observations of Chromosome Aggregates in Triploid Pacific

    Oyster Eggs at Metaphase Ⅰduring Meiosis

    XIN Rong1, LI Kang

    ________________________________________

    jun1,WANG Zhao

    ________________________________________

    ping2

    ( 1.The aquaculture department of Rizhao Polytechnic, 276823;

    2. Dept. of life sciences and technology , Ocean University of China, Qingdao,266003)

    Abstract:The chromosome synapsis configurations in triploid pacific oyster eggs at metaphase Ⅰduring meiosis were observed with acteo-haematoxylin stained under light microscope . Synapsis in eggs from triploid Pacific oyster were highly variable and chaotic, but most synapsis are trivalent, and univalent, bivalent and multivalent also occurred. Different synapsis formation contribute to the variations of synapsis number, most are 10-13, the greatest can reached 18.

    Key words:Pacific oyster; triploid oyster;meiosis, synapsis

    (收稿日期:2014-02-17)

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