多酚类化合物在皮肤光损伤防护方面的研究进展
焦丹丹 唐亚楠 高腾
[摘要]日光中的紫外线是造成皮肤光损伤的主要原因。紫外线的过度照射会引起日晒伤、炎症、红斑、光老化与皮肤肿瘤等疾病,这些皮肤病的发生大多与活性氧的生成增多相关。寻找能够拮抗或修复紫外线光损伤的高效抗氧化剂已经成为一大研究热点。其中,多酚类化合物作为常见的天然植物来源的抗氧化剂能够清除自由基、提高抗氧化酶活性,可起到预防和治疗皮肤病的作用。因此,本文就多酚类化合物在皮肤光损伤防护方面的研究进展进行综述,旨在为未来多酚类化合物的临床应用提供更多参考。
[关键词]紫外线;光损伤;皮肤细胞;多酚类化合物;抗氧化剂
[中图分类号]R339.3+8? ? [文献标志码]A? ? [文章编号]1008-6455(2019)08-0158-05
光损伤的机制尚不完全清楚。目前,氧自由基生成过多被认为是导致皮肤光损伤的主要原因,紫外线照射后可诱导皮肤细胞产生活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS),大量的活性氧累积会损伤细胞的脂质、蛋白、DNA等[4-5],从而导致皮肤光损伤的发生。正常情况下,皮肤具有抵御紫外线辐射的防护能力,如:表皮增厚、色素沉着、细胞凋亡及DNA修复等[6],此外细胞内还存在一系列抗氧化系统[7-8]包括非酶类和酶类,它们可以清除细胞内的ROS,防止细胞氧化损伤。当紫外线诱发的ROS生成过多时,细胞内氧化与抗氧化平衡就会被打破,从而产生氧化应激压力导致细胞损伤[9]。近年来研究发现,应用抗氧化剂可以清除部分ROS,从而减少皮肤光老化和皮肤肿瘤的发生,因此具有抗炎、抗老化、抗癌作用的抗氧化剂逐渐成为研究焦点,受到研究者们的广泛重视。多酚类化合物是一大类广泛分布在食物中的植物性天然抗氧化剂[6],本文就几种常见的多酚类化合物在皮肤光损伤防护方面的研究进展综述如下。
1? 白藜芦醇
白藜芦醇(3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene,RES)主要来源于葡萄、蔓越莓及花生等植物[7,10]。在p53+/-/SKH-1小鼠体内白藜芦醇通过下调蛋白激酶B(Akt)介导的转化生长因子-β2(TGF-β2)的表达来抑制短波紫外线UVC诱发的鳞状细胞癌的发生[7]。抗氧化方面,白藜芦醇能降低Keap-1蛋白的表达并促进细胞转录因子Nrf2向细胞核的积累与移位,提高抗氧化酶活性从而保护人永生化角质形成细胞HaCaT免受长波紫外线UVA的氧化应激压力[11]。JU?KAIT? V等研究显示在紫外线照射前使用白藜芦醇处理HaCaT细胞能够提高细胞活力,减少细胞凋亡[12]。人体皮肤对白藜芦醇有特异性的结合位点,这个位点在阻断角质形成细胞凋亡和线粒体功能障碍以及延缓甚至阻止皮肤老化过程方面起到重要作用[13]。白藜芦醇能够调节角质形成细胞中IL-6,IL-8和TNF-a等细胞因子,并刺激热休克蛋白Hsp70的表达,这对细胞修复具有重要意义[14-15]。此外,白藜芦醇被认为是暴露于烟雾中角质形成细胞的清道夫受体B1(SR-B1)抑制剂,表明白藜芦醇对细胞外源性应激物具有保护作用[16]。最近一项为期12周的人体研究报道一种含有白藜芦醇、黄苓苷、维生素E的主题制剂可用于治疗光损伤的皮肤,这种制剂能够调节H0-1、血管内皮生长因子(VEGFA)和胶原蛋白3(COL3A1),从而减轻皱纹,改善皮肤松弛和色素沉着状态使皮肤变得紧致有弹性[17]。
2? 姜黄素
姜黄素是从姜科植物的根茎中提取的一种多酚类成分,具有降血脂、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化及促进伤口愈合等作用[18-20]。动物实验证明,姜黄素预处理老鼠皮肤能提高谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性而脂质过氧化反应明显下降,说明姜黄素提高了小鼠暴露于不同剂量分级的γ辐射下的抗氧化能力[21]。此外,姜黄素一方面通过抑制磷酸化激酶来阻断转录因子NF-kB信号通路从而发挥抗炎作用,并促进伤口愈合,减少瘢痕形成;另一方面,当皮肤受到紫外线长期照射时,姜黄素可以诱导癌前细胞的凋亡,使健康的未受损的细胞逐漸代替坏死损伤的细胞,从而修复光老化的皮肤[22]。已知姜黄素在皮肤细胞中能通过抑制核转录因子NF-kB,转化生长因子-β和促分裂原活化蛋白激酶MAPK途径发挥抗氧化和抗炎作用[23-24]。Lima等[25]的研究表明,姜黄素通过磷脂酰肌蛋白激酶/Akt途径和氧化还原信号反应来应对细胞氧化应激,这对皮肤抗衰老是有益的。最近,一项临床研究显示局部使用和摄入姜黄素能够治疗某些皮肤病,如痤疮、脱发、特应性皮炎、面部光老化、口腔扁平苔藓、放射性皮炎和白癜风等[26]。
3? 茶多酚
茶多酚是茶叶中多酚类物质的总称[27],包括黄烷醇类、黄烷双醇、黄酮类和酚酸,主要为黄烷醇类(儿茶素类占60%~80%)[28]。儿茶素类化合物主要包括表儿茶素(EC)、表没食子儿茶素(EGC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)四种物质[29],其中EGCG占主要部分。Schwarz等[30]研究发现绿茶多酚在正常人表皮角质细胞中通过白细胞介素(IL)-12途径阻断了短波紫外线UVB辐射后的细胞凋亡和DNA损伤。EGCG联合透明质酸在一定程度上可以抑制人角质形成细胞内脂质过氧化物MDA和ROS水平并且能够减少HaCaT细胞内基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2与MMP-9的表达[27,31],拮抗紫外线辐射造成的皮肤损伤。使用没食子酸预处理HaCaT细胞能明显增强细胞活力并能抑制细胞内ROS和MDA的形成,而且没食子酸通过上调Nrf2的表达从而显著提高血红素加氧酶HO-1和超氧化物歧化酶SOD的活性[3,32]。另一方面,没食子酸能有效减弱和消除由紫外线诱导的角质形成细胞线粒体和(或)内质网压力以及单链DNA断裂,从而减少细胞凋亡并有助于治疗各种皮肤疾病[33]。动物实验研究发现,绿茶、红茶的水提取物可以增加表皮厚度、胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白的含量[34]。EGCG能够抑制人表皮样癌A431和皮肤鳞状细胞癌SCC13细胞中β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路,减少炎症介质、细胞周期调节蛋白与肿瘤细胞数量[35]。茶多酚可能通过抑制细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)与氨基末端激酶(JNK)的磷酸化作用及p38的表达来阻止MAPK的活化,从而发挥清除氧自由基的能力[31,36]。局部应用或口服绿茶多酚有助于改善UVR诱导的皮肤病,抵抗紫外线伤害并维持皮肤的结构与功能[37-38]。近年来,研究发现含有茶多酚的乳液(包含丙二醇辛酸酯与聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油)能增加皮肤渗透率与暴露于UVB的人表皮角质细胞的细胞活力[39]。局部给予乳化绿茶多酚可抑制UVR诱导的炎症细胞浸润,并且促进Nrf2在小鼠皮肤中的积累[40]。
4? 水飞蓟素
水飞蓟素是从植物水飞蓟种子的种皮中提取出来的黄酮类化合物,主要成分有水飞蓟宾、异水飞蓟宾、水飞蓟宁和水飞蓟亭[18,41]等,具有抗炎、抗肿瘤及促进伤口愈合的作用[42]。Roy等[43]对小鼠表皮JB6细胞应用水飞蓟素,它能通过上调p53基因延迟细胞周期,从而允许有足够的时间来修复UVB导致的DNA损伤并且加速清除SKH-1老鼠表皮中的环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer,CPD)。 同样,在皮肤肿瘤的生长加速期间,水飞蓟素可以抑制UVB诱发的炎症反应[44-45],加速损伤后DNA的清除。
5? 芹黄素
芹黄素是一种广泛存在于草本植物中的生物黄酮素[46-47]。芹黄素能抑制由UVA诱发的人真皮成纤维细胞的生长抑制、细胞衰老和基质金属蛋白酶MMP-1的表达,从而防止胶原降解。局部应用芹黄素能减少细皱纹的长度,尤其是眼角鱼尾纹,而且能增加真皮密度和皮肤弹性,改善皮肤纹理,提高皮肤的屏障保护功能[8]。芹黄素不仅可以减少细胞周期G1向S期的转变,而且会减少周期蛋白依赖性激酶CDK2的表达[47]。Sreemanti等[48]发现芹黄素能通过加快上调核苷酸切除修复基因来提高DNA修复能力,减少环丁烷嘧啶二聚体CPDs的产生。另外,对暴露于UVB辐射的小鼠局部施用芹黄素可以明显减轻染色体畸变和细胞微核的程度,也能加速核转录因子NF-kB和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)的表达,减少ROS的产生。
6? 大豆异黄酮
大豆异黄酮是一种存在于豆类植物中的异黄酮类物质[49],具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗血管生成和促进凋亡等[50-51]作用。这些分子包括大豆苷元,染料木黄酮和黄豆黄素,并以四种化学形式存在:糖苷配基、葡糖苷、乙酰葡糖苷及丙二酰基葡糖苷[52]。UVB照射BJ-5ta细胞(人皮肤成纤维细胞经过人端粒酶逆转录酶hTERT永生化处理后)后,经染料木黄酮处理不仅可以减少环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的表达,也能诱导Gadd45基因的表达,从而激活DNA修复系统[53]。暴露于UVB的无毛白化小鼠,给予富含大豆异黄酮的豆酱作为膳食补充,结果显示大豆异黄酮可明显减轻皮肤炎症[9]。同样地,暴露于UVB辐射的无毛HRS/J小鼠,有效剂量(10mg/kg)的染料木黄酮能够减少MDA和硝基酪氨酸的产生,同时上调细胞增殖因子(PCNA和Ki67)从而促进细胞增殖与DNA修复[54]。经皮肤广泛吸收的染料木黄酮直接干预了UVB辐射诱导的氧化过程,降低了过氧化氢的水平[55]。
7? 槲皮素
槲皮素广泛存在于洋葱、番茄、夜来香、蔓越莓及向日葵等[56]植物中,具有抗炎、抗氧化的作用,且可以作为一种免疫调节剂[57]。动物实验证明,槲皮素能有效减轻UVB导致的胶原纤维排列不规则,真皮胶原纤维密度降低与表皮厚度变薄等,且槲皮素能够减轻真皮结缔组织中炎性细胞浸润[58],从而阻止紫外线辐射所诱发的皮肤损伤。研究发现,槲皮素能够清除角质细胞内过多的ROS与MDA,并增强细胞活性,减少皮肤炎症和胶原纤维损害[59]。Minjeong Jung等[60]研究发现槲皮素能够抑制BK5.IGF-1转基因小鼠(皮肤表皮的基底细胞IGF-1过表达)皮肤肿瘤的发展并且直接阻止小鼠乳头状瘤细胞的胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)受体的磷酸化。有文献报道,槲皮素可以与金属铁发生螯合作用使自由基生成减少或者使自由基清除增多[58,61],从而拮抗UV导致的谷胱甘肽GSH的消耗[62]。
8? 花青素
花青素是一类广泛存在于深色植物中的水溶性天然色素。研究显示,用过滤的蓝莓汁加入到正常人表皮细胞培养基中能够有效减少UVB辐射诱发的嘧啶二聚体CPDs的形成和鸟嘌呤的氧化,并且潜在促进损伤细胞凋亡而抑制癌刺激的启动[63]。含有丰富花青素的玫瑰茄花被报道有抗氧化作用、降血压、降胆固醇、保护肝脏的功效。将永生化成纤维细胞[64]与HaCaT细胞[33]分别经巴西莓提取物与越桔提取物预处理后再经UV辐射能够干扰ROS的产生,减少MDA的产生并保持GSH正常水平,从而消除UVA所诱发的氧化应激。
综上所述,多酚类化合物在皮肤光损伤防护方面有着良好的生物学作用,由于其应用价值高,也越来越被人们重视。随着对其的深入研究,多酚类化合物将对皮肤疾病的预防、治疗以及促进人类健康发挥重要作用。
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[收稿日期]2019-01-23
本文引用格式:焦丹丹,唐亞楠,高腾,等.多酚类化合物在皮肤光损伤防护方面的研究进展[J].中国美容医学,2019,28(8):158-162.