芽孢杆菌生物制剂对复烤后烟叶化学成分的影响

    许春平 孙懿岩 姜宇 刘鸿 邹克兴 苏赞 孙建生

    

    

    

    关键词:

    芽孢杆菌生物制剂;固态发酵;烟叶化学成分;香味物质;石油醚提取物

    摘要:从烟叶表面筛选出3株可能用于煙叶增香提质的菌株,即高地芽孢杆菌Y2(Bacillus altitudinis)、地衣芽孢杆菌D3(Bacillus licheniformis)、枯草芽孢杆菌L1(Bacillus subtilis),将其组成单一和复配生物制剂对烟叶进行固态发酵,研究芽孢杆菌生物制剂对烟叶常规化学成分、香味物质和石油醚提取物含量的影响.结果表明:采用单一菌株对烟叶进行固态发酵后,烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量均下降,烟叶中的羰基类、酸类、酯类等香味物质含量均增加,香味成分也更为丰富.采用复配菌株生物制剂对烟叶进行固态发酵后,烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量均下降,Y2+L1复配处理可有效降低烟碱的含量并提高糖碱比;但菌株复配后并未呈现对香味成分产生影响的叠加效应,而是在一些香味物质上表现出完全相反的趋势.D3处理或者Y2+D3复配处理能提高石油醚提取物含量,表现出较强的生香作用.

    Abstract:Three strains screened from the surface of tobacco leaves could be used for inproving tobacco aroma: Bacillus altitudinis (Y2), Bacillus licheniformis (D3), and Bacillus subtilis (L1). They were prepared to single and compound biologics for solid\|state fermentation of tobacco, then the routine chemical components, aroma substances of tobacco and petroleum ether extract were detected. The results showed that: the total sugar and reducing sugar content of tobacco leaves decreased after solid\|state fermentation of tobacco was inoculated with single strains. The content of aroma substance such as carbonyls, acids and esters in tobacco leaves increased, and the aroma components were also richer. After solid\|state fermentation with compound biological agents, the total sugar and reducing sugar content of tobacco leaves decreased, and the treatment consisting of Y2+L1 compound treatment could effectively reduce the content of nicotine and increase the ratio of sugar to alkali.It did not show superposition effect on the aroma components and, on the contrary,it exhibited a completely opposite trend on some aroma substances. D3 treatment or Y2+D3 compound treatment could increase the content of petroleum ether extract and showed strong aroma producing effect.

    0 引言

    烟草发酵是烟叶采收后的重要加工步骤,可利用微生物改善烟叶品质.小什列晋格最早提出微生物发酵假说[1],他认为,烟草发酵初期由微生物起主导作用,后续过程才是在无机催化剂的作用下进行的.烟叶在发酵过程中表面存在大量且种类繁多的微生物,这些微生物可以将烟叶中的一些大分子物质(如蛋白质、淀粉等)降解为单糖、氨基酸等一些小分子物质,然后这些小分子物质再经过一系列反应生成醇、醛、酸、酯、酮等香味成分,从而提升烟叶的吸食品质[2].

    烟叶发酵过程中,如何利用接种微生物加快其发酵速度、提升烟叶香气和品质等,前人已有较多的研究.J.J.Reid等[3]发现,烘烤后的雪茄烟叶表面存在大量的细菌和霉菌.J.B.C.Koller等[4]最先尝试在烟叶上接种微生物,发现在雪茄烟叶接种酵母菌可以加速发酵进程,使发酵更为彻底.黄静文等[5]从烟叶表面分离出一种短小芽孢杆菌,用于烟叶发酵可以提升烟香、醇和烟气、降低刺激性并掩盖杂气.此外,在烟叶发酵过程中利用微生物来降低烟叶中烟碱含量的报道也较多.X.W.Gong等[6]从种植烟草的土壤中分离出一株红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.),该细菌可以有效降解烟叶中的烟碱.C.M.Chen等[7]从醇化多年的烟叶表面分离出一株假单胞菌Nic22(Pseudomonas sp.),并将其接种至以烟碱为唯一碳源和氮源的培养基,在 30 ℃,220 r/min的摇床中发酵2 d,烟碱的降解率超过70%(质量分数,下同).然而,利用芽孢杆菌组成的复配生物制剂对烟叶香味成分的影响与单一微生物制剂施加效果的对比研究较少.鉴于此,本研究拟利用从烟叶表面分离得到的3株芽孢杆菌组成单一和复配生物制剂对烟叶进行固态发酵,考察其对烟叶主要化学成分和香味物质的影响,旨在为研究微生物固态发酵烟叶,改善烟叶内在品质提供理论依据和数据支撑.