| 标题 | 阅读理解推断题的五个依据 |
| 范文 | 李美玉 在高考英语阅读理解中，推理判断题主要考查学生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的推理判断能力，属理解层次较高的题目。推理是为了做出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理，推理和判断相互依存。这类题要求考生在理解字面意思的基础上做出符合情理的推理和判断，从而得到文章的隐含意思或深层的意思。也就是通过文章的文字信息，上下文逻辑关系以及事物发展的规律，推断出作者没有直接表达出来的观点和态度。常见的题干有： （1）What can be inferred from the text？ （2）What can we conclude from...？ （3）When the writer talks about...，what does he really mean？ （4）Which of the following can be inferred from the text？ 判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。 我们建议学生应该遵循下列四项基本原则： （1）判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文，切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意; （2）全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论; （3）善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合; （4）不可直接选取文中的原句。 其考查的主要形式有：细节推理题、作者的写作意图或目的题、推断文章出处题、推断文章结构题、推断观点态度题。在这些题型中细节推理题在高考英语试卷中比例较大，而学生在这个问题上又总是把握不好。為了帮助学生解决这个问题，我总结了推理判断的五种依据。1. 根据类似结构进行推断 例1：Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it， I thinkher presence in the photo is whatmakes the image interesting. The landscape， beautiful on its own， somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it. ◇In the authors opinion， what makes the photo so alive？ A.The rich color of the landscape. B. The perfect positioning of the camera. C.The womans existencein the photo. D. The soft sunlight that summer day. 试题分析： 有时候，阅读文本中正确选项与原文中的某些语句有着相似的结构或近似的意思。比如原文中的makes the image interesting与题干makes the photo so alive结构相似，都是使照片鲜活，有生命力的意思。原文中的her presence 与选项中的The womans existence 两个词意思相同，都是存在的意思。当我们发现这些特点之后，锁定这些关键词所在的句子详细阅读，那么自然会找出正确的选项C项。2. 根据近义词语进行推断 例2：I never told my mother about my“miraculous”（奇迹般的）experience that summer， but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year. And years later， she was proud that her son had read thousands of books， was awarded a PhD in literature， andauthored his own books， articles， poetry and fiction. The power of the words has held. ◇What can be inferred from the last paragraph？ A.The author has become a successful writer. B. The authors mother read the same book. C. The authors mother rewarded him with books. D. The author has had happy summers ever since. 试题分析： 在这道题中选项中的become a successful writer 和原文中的authored his own books， articles， poetry and fiction都反映出作者成为了一个作家，而且出了很多书。因此，根据这种近义表达，我们可以推断，选项A正确。 3. 根据对应的描述进行推断 例3：These kids arehappiest when doing repairs. They joke and laughand are living in their own relaxed world. Andtheir minds are bright despite their dirty hands and clothes. ◇In the authors eyes， motorheads are_____________. A. tidy and hardworking? ? ? ? ?B.cheerful and smart C. lazy but bright? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. relaxed but rude 试题分析： 在推断题中如果我们希望选出一些形容词，来描述人物的性格特征，那么我们选项中的一些形容词一定在我们的原文中有对应的一些详细细节的描述。如果我们能找到这些细节描述并对号入座，那么就很容易把握住，正确选项中的形容词在文章中所折射出的性格特点。比如该题中，原文中happiest，joke and laugh 对应B选项中的cheerful;原文中的their minds are bright对应选项中的smart。4. 根据例子和中心句的关系推断 例4：Samsung says its not just something new— the app connection actually has some practical uses.“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out，you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home，so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go，”said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.The company also says that with electricity rate（电价）varying depending on the time of day，more control over when the machines are used can help save money ◇We can conclude form Samsungs statements that _____________. A. the app connection makes life easier B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning C. Smartphone can shorten the drying time D. we should refresh clothes back at home 试题分析： 阅读理解的推断题中经常会问某某人说的话的目的是什么？某个故事引用的目的是什么？某个数据引用的目的是什么？某些案例，为什么要用在这个段落中……那么这样的试题，我们要考虑我们为什么要在文本中使用这些数字、例子、故事、案例？当然都是为了让该段或者该篇文章的观点更有可信度。这个时候，我们只要找准该段或者该篇文章的中心句，那么这道题就迎刃而解。而这道题的中心句是第一句“三星公司说这个产品不仅仅是新鲜事物，而是一个有实际用处的应用。”下文就是再说如何有实际的使用价值。5. 根据话外音推断 例5：Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age; today only two exist. The wood bison is the larger of the two， and is now found mostly in western Canada. Better known in the United States is the Plains bison， or buffalo. At one time， herds of these animals could be sighted almost everywhere from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West. ◇The author implies that several types of bison_____________. A. live outside the United States and Canada B. are well adapted to swampy terrain C.existed before the Ice Age D. have been killed or have died out 试题分析： 阅读题干中用“imply”这个词，说明我们要找的是字面意思之外的话外音。根据阅读文本，我们会发现第一句和其他句是總分关系。那么第一句就至关重要“从冰河世纪起，很多种欧洲野牛在北美洲生活过，但是今天只有两种了。”那这句话的话外之音就是冰河世纪之前有很多种欧洲野牛在这个地方存在过，正好对应了C选项existed before the Ice Age。 责任编辑 蒋小青 |
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