标题 | 提纲挈领谈虚拟语气的用法 |
范文 | 黄连军 虚拟语气是表达说话者的某种假设、假定、主观愿望、主观想法的一种表达方式。语气含有两种,真实语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气在历年高考中都占一定比例。我在教学中把虚拟语气模块化,每一模块都有自己的 “纲领”。学生在学习中只要分好类,把握住这些 “纲领”,就能轻松掌握虚拟语气的用法。1. 用于条件句中虚拟语气的用法 虚拟动词形式要和虚拟的时间保持协调一致。把握这类虚拟的学习要领:“3统,1混,4特殊。” (1)3统:在表示现在、将来、过去虚拟句式中,if从句的谓语动词和主句的谓语动词要保持相对统一,对将来时间的虚拟条件句动词形式:should do/did/ were to do..., 主句动词形式:would/could/should/might + do.;对现在时间的虚拟条件句动词形式: did/were...., 主句动词形式: would/might/could/should do. ;对过去或完成时间的虚拟从句和主句的动词形式条件句动词形式: had done,主句动词形式: would/could/should/might+ have done。 (2)1混: if从句是对过去或完成的虚拟假设,而主句则说明现在的虚拟情况,过去和现在时间的错位导致从句和主句的动词形式的不统一,其形式是:if从句动词形式用had done形式,主句动词形式用would/could/should/might be/be doing 形式。如:If you had learned the subjunctive mood well when it was taught, it wouldnt be so difficult for you now. 如果讲虚拟语气的时候你学会了,你现在就不会感到困难了。 (3)4特殊:指含蓄条件的虚拟句型。①but for/without+名词/代词, 修饰的句子谓语动词按上述表格中主句谓语动词变化。如:But for your timely rescue, we would have died in the accident last Saturday. 要不是因为你及时援救,在上周六的事故中我们就丧命了。 ②句子1+or/otherwise/or else(否则)+句子2,句子2谓语动词按上述表格中主句谓语动词变化。如:You told me the truth, or you would have been given a good beating. 你说出了真相,否则的话你就会挨一顿胖揍。③Had it not been for sb./sth.+句子,谓语动词按表格中主句过去时构成;Were it not for sb./sth.+加句子,谓语动词按表格中主句现在时构成。如:Had it not been for your timely rescue, we would have died in the accident last Saturday. 要不是因为你及时援救,在上周六的事故中我们就丧命了。2. 虚拟语气用于名词性从句之中 如果名词性从句和下列动词及其相关的形式发生关联,那么相应的名词性从句就要使用虚拟语气(定语从句不用虚拟)。此类虚拟语气的构成是: should+do (动词原形),should 可以省略。常用动词:一坚持insist;二命令order/command;三要求require/request/demand;四建议advise/suggest/propose/recommend。如:He suggested that she (should) not go here alone. (宾语从句) 他建议她不要独自去那。It is suggested that she (should) not go here alone. (主语从句) 建议她不要独自去那。注意:当suggest表示“建议”时用虚拟,表示“表明,暗示”含义时,名词从句不用虚拟结构;当insist表示“坚持,要求”时用虚拟,表示“坚持认为、坚持说”含义时,名词性从句不用虚拟结构。如:The half smile on her suggested that she was happy to have given her life for her country. 她脸上的一丝微笑表明她很高兴为国家捐躯。 虚拟语气用于下列句式中(1)It is admirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/ peculiar/proper/necessary/natural...that...如:It is necessary that he be given enough help to overcome the difficulties. 給他足够的帮助来战胜困难非常必要。3. 特殊句式的虚拟语气 (1) It is (high/about) time that one did/should do ....表示“该做……的时候了”,在此句式中,that从句的谓语动词通常用动词的过去式形式did, 极少数情况也可以用should+形式。之所以用过去式形式是因为“参照以前发生过的事情来说明现在的情况”。如:It is (high) time that we worked out in the gym. 我们该去体育馆锻炼了。 (2) 在wish/if only句式中,wish是虚拟陈述句,if only 是虚拟感叹句,两个句式的含义相同,都表示说话者的“某种主观愿望”。把握的要点在于:谓语动词的构成回退一个时态。即,现在时:did/were;过去时:had done;将来时:would/could/should/might do。如:I wish I had met you earlier. =If only I had met you earlier! (过去或完成时间)早点遇见你该有多好! (3) would rather 后接从句,从句也要使用虚拟语气,表示“主观愿望”。如果表示现在和将来时间,从句动词用“were/did”形式;如果表示过去和完成,从句动词用“had done”形式。如:I would rather you came next Monday.(将来时间)但愿你下周一来。I would rather you had told me the news yesterday.(过去时间)但愿你昨天告诉了这消息。 (4) 在even if/even though(即使)引导的让步状语从句和 as if/as though(似乎、好像)引导的方式状语中,如果从句表达含义和事实相符,就不用虚拟语气;如果和实际不符,用虚拟语气。虚拟形式要依据语义和语境。如:Even if/even though I could live my life again, I would do the same. (和事实不符)即使再活一遍,我也会做相同事情。Look at the dark clouds!It looks as if/as though it is going to snow.(事实)看天上漆黑的云彩。看起来好像要下雨。 (作者单位:辽宁省抚顺第二高级中学) |
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