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标题 可追溯农产品额外成本承担意愿研究
范文

    徐玲玲++刘晓琳++应瑞瑶

    摘要农户是农产品安全生产的责任主体,农户生产可追溯农产品必然增加额外生产成本。农户对可追溯农产品额外成本承担意愿非常关键。本文实证研究了446位蔬菜种植农户对“基本可追溯蔬菜”、“增加父母信息的可追溯蔬菜”和“经政府专业机构认证的可追溯蔬菜”三种不同类型的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿,并运用Multivariate Probit Model(MVP)计量模型,研究了影响农户对三种类型可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿的主要因素。研究结果显示,农户对三种类型可追溯蔬菜愿意承担的额外成本分别为不高于总成本的2.41%、2.18%和3.34%,对“基本可追溯蔬菜”的认可度和额外成本承担水平高于更加高级的“增加父母信息的可追溯蔬菜”,并对“经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜”额外成本具有最高的承担愿意。学历、蔬菜种植规模与垂直一体化程度是影响农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿的共同因素,而农户的年龄、家庭农业收入,对蔬菜可追溯体系的认知,是否实施无公害、绿色或有机蔬菜等质量认证工作等变量,不同程度地显著影响其额外成本的承担意愿。本文的研究结论表明,应当首先推动初级蔬菜可追溯体系(如本文中的“基本可追溯蔬菜”)的普及,随后逐步选择年龄较轻、学历较高、蔬菜种植规模较大、参与农业企业或专业合作组织的农户实施更高级的蔬菜可追溯体系(如本文中的“增加父母信息的可追溯蔬菜”)。农户记录的可追溯信息是否需要经过政府专业机构的检验认证,由农户根据成本与收益的考虑自行选择,可以增加蔬菜可追溯体系的普及率。

    关键词农户;蔬菜;可追溯体系;额外成本;承担意愿

    中图分类号TS201.6文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)12-0023-09doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.004

    为有效治理频繁暴发的农产品安全事件,提升农产品质量安全水平,我国的农产品质量安全追溯体系建设正式纳入了《全国农产品质量安全检验检测体系建设规划(2011-2015年)》之中,农业部已在种植、畜牧、水产和农垦等行业开展了农产品质量安全追溯试点,截至2013年底可追溯品种范围已覆盖谷物、蔬菜、水果、茶叶、肉、蛋、奶、水产品等主要农产品,试点城市范围正从北京、上海、南京、无锡、杭州、苏州等地区,并正在逐步向其他大中型城市覆盖。大量分散的农户是实施农产品可追溯体系这一复杂的系统工程中一个极为重要的参与者,这既是我国基本国情,也是农产品可追溯体系建设所面临的主要瓶颈之一。农户参与实施农产品可追溯体系,需要增加因可追溯信息采集、录入和标识等引发的额外成本[1],农户的认知度、文化知识、额外成本承担意愿非常关键[2]。然而,目前国内的研究绝大多数关注农户参与农产品可追溯体系的意愿、行为与影响因素的层面上,比如徐玲玲等[3]研究了苹果种植农户对可追溯农产品的生产行为与影响因素,但普遍采用二元Logistic或偏最小二乘回归的方法,更没有展开农户对具有不同层次信息属性的可追溯农产品额外成本的承担意愿与影响因素研究。可追溯体系的宽度越大、深度越深、精确度越高,其所记录和提供的质量安全信息就越全面,越能够识别和防范食品安全风险[4],但农户生产可追溯农产品增加的成本也相应越高。吴林海等[5]证实并非信息越全面的可追溯农产品越有市场前景。因此,基于成本与收益的考虑,农户对不同层次信息属性的可追溯农产品的额外成本承担意愿并不相同。政府相关部门和食品企业在推动农户生产可追溯农产品的过程中,应当根据农户不同的额外成本承担意愿采取相应的策略。基于此,本文研究农户对不同层次信息属性的可追溯农产品额外成本的承担意愿与影响因素,由此在中国寻求发展与普及可追溯农产品的路径,以防范食品安全风险。

    1文献综述与研究假设

    作为理性与有限理性的农户,其生产行为主要受自身内在特征并客观地受利益驱动、政府政策等外部环境的影响[6-7]。根据农户生产行为的相关理论,基于对国情的充分认识,通过如下的文献研究,可以假设如下九个方面的因素或因素的组合内在地、不同程度地影响农户可追溯农产品额外成本的承担意愿。

    徐玲玲等:可追溯农产品额外成本承担意愿研究中国人口·资源与环境2014年第12期(1)农户特征。一般而言,年龄较大和受教育程度较低的农户接受新事物和新技术的能力较差,经营管理水平和生产决策能力较低,生产可追溯农产品的成本可能会更高,生产意愿更低[8-9]。Souza Monteiro和Caswell[9]实证分析了影响葡萄牙梨业农户参与农产品可追溯体系的行为与影响因素,结果表明,受教育程度越低的农户参与高标准可追溯体系的几率越低。

    (2)利益驱动。农户从事农业生产的经济动机是最大程度地追求经济利润。农户生产可追溯农产品,能够提高产品质量和安全水平,因而会提高生产成本和销售价格(收益最直接的来源之一),成本与收益将直接影响农户可追溯农产品的生产意愿与具体的行为[10],农户自愿生产可追溯农产品的前提是收益大于成本或至少能够弥补成本[4]。Schulz和Tonsor[11]研究发现,农户主要关心可追溯农产品的生产成本、技术的稳定性和信息的机密性。Olynk等[12]运用消费者支付意愿衡量畜产品养殖农户关于提供验证信息的决策,结果表明,农户会根据提供验证信息是否盈利,来决定是否采用验证策略。杨永亮[8]和Roheim等[13]的研究同样表明农户对可追溯农产品销售价格的预期显著影响其生产可追溯农产品的意愿。Lopes[14]研究了巴西农户参与牛可追溯体系的障碍,结果表明收益不足是主要制约因素之一。而高收益是驱动农户实施鱼可追溯体系的主要因素[15]。

    (3)种植规模。种植规模较大的农户生产的集约化程度相对较高,单位面积生产可追溯农产品的比较成本更低,因而具有更强烈的生产意愿[9,16]。相反生产规模越小,实施可追溯体系的成本越高[17-18]。Parker等[19]调查发现美国种植规模越大的蔬菜和水果种植农户越倾向于采用安全生产技术,而且也证实,生猪养殖规模越大的农户越会实施可追溯监控[20]。

    (4)农业收入。较高农业收入的农户更倾向于进行农业生产投资,周洁红和姜励卿[21]研究表明蔬菜收入占农业收入比重越高的蔬菜农户越愿意生产可追溯蔬菜。年收入更高的农户更倾向于采用新技术和复杂的技术[22]。

    (5)质量认证体系。现有的生产与技术实践会极大地影响农户生产可追溯农产品的意愿与行为[11],如果农户已经执行了质量认证体系,则可以降低可追溯的成本,可追溯农产品生产的积极性会提高[9,23-24]。

    (6)垂直一体化程度。对农户而言,垂直一体化程度主要表现在农户参与各类专业合作组织或农业企业的水平。农业组织与农业企业会提供农业技术方面的信息[25-26]。因此,农产品供应链主体间垂直一体化程度高的农户会倾向于采用更高标准的可追溯体系[9,27]。

    (7)农户认知。农户对可追溯体系的认知影响其参与可追溯体系的行为[28],对农产品可追溯体系有一定认知的农户更乐意参与可追溯体系[8,21,29]。Liao等[22]研究了台湾水果和蔬菜农户参与台湾农业和食品可追溯计划的行为,结果表明对该计划的认知越好和受教育程度越高的农户参与可追溯计划的积极性越高。

    (8)重要性的感知。Bailey和Slade[30]的研究显示,如果奶牛养殖户清晰地感知可追溯体系的重要性,则会参与可追溯体系。Mora和Menozzi[23]的研究表明,如果有机农产品的生产农户感知可追溯农产品与其他农产品有明显差异,则希望加贴可追溯标签。Chen等[27]研究发现认为信息收集技术在未来五年比较重要的农户更倾向于采用信息收集技术。

    (9)优惠措施。为预防食品安全风险,恢复消费者对农产品安全信任[31],政府支持农产品可追溯体系建设的优惠政策和支持措施也影响农户参与可追溯体系的行为[8,21],比如提供技术和资金支持,加大对销售不安全农产品的农户的惩罚,规范可追溯农产品市场的秩序等,能够激励农户参与可追溯体系[4,11],甚至是强制可追溯体系的要求[32]。Narrod等[33]研究了肯尼亚和印度的水果蔬菜小农户如何面对国外市场严格的食品安全标准的案例,结果表明给予足够的制度上的支持,小农户也愿意采用可追溯体系。

    2样本与数据2.1农产品品种选择

    蔬菜是人类饮食的重要组成部分,其特点是低脂肪、低热量、高碳水化合物,含有丰富的维生素和纤维素,能为人体提供重要的微量营养素。据国家统计局2013年统计,1995-2012年间中国人均蔬菜消费在总的食物消费中所占的比重基本保持在25%-36%的水平上;2012年中国城镇和农村居民人均年蔬菜消费量分别为112.3kg和84.7kg。近年来中国因农药残留引发的蔬菜质量安全事件频繁发生,典型的案例是海南省豇豆被检测出含有禁用农药水胺硫磷,青岛市一些市民因食用农药残留严重超标的韭菜而中毒,山东白菜喷甲醛保鲜。蔬菜在中国居民的食物消费中占据重要的地位,并成为农产品可追溯体系重点推广和普及的对象。但我国蔬菜生产有其自身的特点和局限性,如蔬菜生产大多是以一家一户分散式的小生产为主,菜田面积小,种植品种多,基本手工操作,是一种典型的家庭式的小生产。因此,大范围的推广蔬菜可追溯体系尚需多方努力。基于此,本文以蔬菜为案例研究蔬菜种植农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿就非常有价值。

    2.2样本选择与调查对象

    2012年中国蔬菜种植面积2 035.3万hm2,其中山东省种植面积180.6万hm2,河南省种植面积173.0万hm2,是中国蔬菜种植面积最大的两个省。20世纪80年代开始当地众多的农户就将种植与销售蔬菜作为谋生的主要职业。蔬菜种植已成为当地种植业中效益最好的产业之一。山东省苍山县是全国最大的蔬菜生产县,蔬菜种植面积超过100万亩,年产量360万t,最早建立县级蔬菜食品检测中心,享有“全国无公害蔬菜生产基地示范县”、“全国蔬菜标准化生产示范区”等称号。河南省扶沟县的蔬菜种植规模全国第二,蔬菜种植面积超过50万亩,年产量248万吨,享有“全国果菜无公害十强县”的称号。并且苍山县和扶沟县的一部分蔬菜已经建立起了生产档案,全程监控蔬菜栽培、施肥、用药过程,实行农产品可追溯制度。因此本文选择山东省苍山县和河南省扶沟县的蔬菜种植农户展开研究就具有良好的基础。

    在实际调查过程中采用多层随机抽样方法选取样本。在山东省苍山县随机选取庄坞镇、向城镇和兰陵镇,河南省扶沟县选取白潭镇、韭园镇和练寺镇等共6个乡镇,每个乡镇选择4个自然村,每个自然村随机调查20个农户,共访谈480个农户,回收有效问卷446份。考虑到受访蔬菜种植农户的文化层次可能较低,为避免理解上的偏差而可能影响问卷回答的真实性,本研究采取一对一访谈并当场答卷的方式进行,并由调查人员填写问卷。问卷调查时间是2013年10月26日到2013年12月30日。

    2.3可追溯蔬菜不同质量安全信息的设定

    蔬菜可追溯体系涉及产前、产中、产后各个环节,通过对涉及质量安全隐患的各关键环节的信息进行正确的识别、如实记录、有效传递和监控管理,来实现追踪、追溯和预警,预防和减少问题的出现。因此,蔬菜生产各环节所记录信息至关重要。在蔬菜种植环节的监管方面,1993年7月生效并经2002年修订的《农业法》要求农药、兽药、饲料和饲料添加剂、肥料、种子、农业机械等可能危害人畜安全的农业生产资料的生产经营,依照相关法律、行政法规的规定实行登记或者许可制度。《农产品质量安全法》在继承和发展《农业法》的基础上,以整个农业生产过程为主线,进一步提出了以产地、生产、包装与标识为核心的质量安全监管体制。其中,产地包括大气、土壤、水体,生产包括农药、肥料、种子、操作规程、技术规范。《种子法》对种子的使用、种子的质量、品种选育与审定方面做了详细规定。

    国内外大量的学者先后研究了蔬菜种植环节应该记录的信息。李辉等[34]设计了基于Web的可追溯系统,指出农户需要记录蔬菜的日常详细种植信息,如播种记录、灌溉记录、施肥记录、病虫害防治记录等,还要在蔬菜即将成熟时上报预测的采收数量。毕然[35]研究认为,果蔬种植管理环节收集的信息应该包括产地基本信息和种植过程信息,产地基本信息包括产地、生产者、规模、农田代码的分配、土质、水质、空气质量,种植过程信息包括果蔬安全生产操作信息比如施肥、防治病虫害、灌溉、除草,包括种子、农药、化肥等农资的品名、防治类型和残留期,以及果蔬产量。Golan等[4]的衡量可追溯体系信息容量指标的研究颇具代表性,他指出可追溯体系的深度是向前追踪或向后追溯信息的距离,例如,零售架上的一块牛肉是否可以追溯到它从发货商发货之后所经历的每个地点,追溯到批发商、加工者、饲养场、牛的来源,或者甚至追溯到它们的父母。

    20世纪中期开始,很多欧美国家开始建立起食品安全认证制度[14]。检测和认证农产品品质,可以引导和规范农户安全生产行为,是政府监管农产品质量安全的重要政策工具。实际上,农产品安全认证是农产品质量安全的标识,能够减少信息不对称,增加生产者与消费者之间的信任,提高消费者的支付意愿。可见,在蔬菜可追溯信息中,是否经政府专业机构检验认证信息是非常重要的。

    基于上述分析,本文将可追溯蔬菜依据可追溯信息层次的差异分为“基本可追溯蔬菜”、“增加‘父母信息的可追溯蔬菜”和“经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜”,研究农户对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜的接受意愿。基本可追溯蔬菜是农户需要记录农户姓名、产地、种植品种、定植时间、施肥时间、用药及停药时间、采收前农残卫生质量检测、采收时间等生产信息,以及种子、农药、化肥等农资的品名、防治类型和残留期信息;增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜是在基本可追溯蔬菜记录信息的基础上,增加种子父母信息的记录与标识,如种子父母的产地、农残检测和品质等级认定等信息;经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜是在增加“父母”信息可追溯蔬菜的基础上,由政府监管部门检验并认证所记录的可追溯信息。

    2.4问卷设计

    基于本文的研究假设并借鉴国内已有的相关调查问卷,本文设计了初步调查问卷。在展开具体调查前,调研小组首先访谈了当地农业主管部门和部分蔬菜种植农户,仔细了解蔬菜生产与管理情况,并对10位农户进行了预调研,经过修改后最终确定的调查问卷包括三大部分。第一部分是农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本接受意愿的调查,在调研过程中,首先向农户解释可追溯蔬菜的概念,以及问卷调查中的三种类型可追溯蔬菜之间的关系与差异,三种类型可追溯蔬菜分别是:类型Ⅰ,基本可追溯蔬菜;类型Ⅱ,增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜;类型Ⅲ,经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜。要求农户对不同类型可追溯蔬菜增加的额外生产成本选择其能接受的最高值,即增加的额外成本占总成本的比例。最高额外成本分别是增加1%,2%,3%,4%,5%和10%以上。问卷的第二部分是关于农户对可追溯蔬菜收益预期、认知、重要性感知等

    (3)质量认证与合作组织。被调查农户中,大部分会记录农药使用时间与数量等信息。32.71%的农户实施了无公害或绿色蔬菜质量认证工作。此外,27.10%的农户参与了“龙头企业+农户”或“农民专业合作社+农户”等类型的合作组织。

    (4)农户对蔬菜可追溯体系及其重要性的认知。调查结果显示,有40.19%的被调查农户表示有所了解或比较了解蔬菜可追溯体系。当向农户解释了蔬菜可追溯体系的概念后,约42.68%的被调查农户认为蔬菜可追溯体系比较重要,是未来农业发展的一个趋势。此外,高达79.75%的被调查农户认为消费者会对可追溯蔬菜支付比较高的价格。

    (5)农户愿意为可追溯蔬菜承担的额外成本的平均水平。据统计分析,农户分别愿意为基本可追溯蔬菜、增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜承担2.41%、2.18%和3.34%的额外成本。可见,农户对信息更全面的增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜的认可度和额外成本承担水平低于基本可追溯蔬菜,对经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜愿意承担的额外成本最高,但均不超过总成本的4%。

    3模型构建与估计方法

    当被调查者需要对两个以上且相互之间有关联的问题分别作出选择时,可以使用Multivariate Probit Model(MVP)模型进行估计。

    模型分析中所使用变量的定义与赋值见表2。

    基于本文的变量定义,农户需要对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜选择其原意接受的额外成本,因而j=3。由于MVP模型假设残差项服从联合正态分布,因此εi∈N(0,),则CSi∈N(Xiβ,),其中∑=1σ12σ13

    由表3可知,年龄变量显著影响农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿,25-45岁年龄段的农户对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的成本承担意愿显著高于其他年龄的农户,而年龄在46岁及以上的农户对基本可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿显著低于其他年龄的农户。与Souza Monteiro和Caswell[9]的研究结论相类似,年龄越轻的农户越愿意承担一定的额外成本生产可追溯蔬菜。其原因是,年龄越轻的农户越具有创新性,越容易理解和接受新事物和新技术。

    学历变量显著影响农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿,学历越高的农户对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿越高。农户学历越高,对蔬菜可追溯体系及其功能和成本的理解越全面,实施蔬菜可追溯体系的难度越低,因而对可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿较高。

    家庭农业收入在3万元及以上的高收入农户对基本可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿显著高于低家庭农业收入的农户。此外,家庭农业收入变量对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿没有显著影响。原则上来说,家庭农业收入越高的农户越希望保障和提高其农业作物的质量与安全性,以保证其收入,因而对基本可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿较高。但是,在收益尚不明确的前提下,农户对需要更高生产投入成本的增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的积极性不高。

    种植规模变量显著影响农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿,蔬菜种植规模越低的农户对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿越低,尤其是对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿更低。种植规模越小的农户(6亩以下),其农业收入越低,对需要投入较高生产成本的可追溯蔬菜的生产积极性就不高。

    垂直一体化变量显著影响农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿,垂直一体化程度越高的农户对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿越高。本次调查发现,一部分农户参与了农业合作组织,一部分农户则直接跟生产企业签订合同,负责向其供货。这类农户往往在农业合作组织和生产企业的督导下进行蔬菜种植,种植的基本都是无公害或绿色蔬菜,品质较高。这部分农户对“订单作业”和“按标准操作”的理解很好,更易于接受蔬菜可追溯体系,因而对可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿更高。

    实施了无公害、绿色或有机蔬菜等质量认证工作的农户对基本可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿显著高于其他农户。这不难理解,这类农户已经按照一定的标准规范生产安全蔬菜,在此基础上生产可追溯蔬菜的额外成本更低,因而积极性更高。经政府专业机构对记录的可追溯信息包括无公害或绿色蔬菜认证结果进行权威的检验和认证后,尽管会增加一定的成本,但同时大大增加消费者的信任,进而增加消费者的购买和支付意愿,因而增加农户对经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿。但该变量对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿没有显著影响,可能是出于成本与收益的考虑,与基本可追溯蔬菜相比,增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜所增加的

    收益未必高于成本,因而农户的积极性不高。

    对蔬菜可追溯体系有一定认知的农户对基本可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿显著高于不了解蔬菜可追溯体系的农户,但对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿没有显著变化。本文认为,对蔬菜可追溯体系的功能、实施成本和收益有较好认知的农户,愿意承担一定的额外成本生产基本可追溯蔬菜就不足为奇。在增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜中,基于哪种可追溯体系“对消费者更有吸引力”的考虑,了解可追溯体系的农户倾向于选择经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯体系,目的是增加消费者的认可和购买意愿。

    5结论与政策建议

    本文通过问卷调查研究了山东苍山县和河南扶沟县的446位蔬菜种植农户对“基本可追溯蔬菜”、“增加父母信息的可追溯蔬菜”和“经政府专业机构认证的可追溯蔬菜”三种类型的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿,并运用MVP计量模型估计了影响农户对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿的主要因素。得出的研究结论如下:①总体而言,农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿不高,被调查农户分别愿意为基本可追溯蔬菜、增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜承担2.41%、2.18%和3.34%的额外成本。②在影响农户对可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿的主要因素中,学历越高、垂直一体化程度越高的农户对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿越高,种植规模越低的农户对三种类型的可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担意愿越低,尤其是对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿更低。实施了无公害、绿色或有机蔬菜等质量认证工作的农户以及对蔬菜可追溯体系有一定认知的农户对基本可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿更高,但对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿没有显著变化。25-45岁年龄段的农户对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的成本承担意愿显著高于其他年龄段的农户,而年龄在46岁及以上的农户对基本可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿显著低于其他年龄段的农户。家庭农业收入在3万元及以上的高收入农户对基本可追溯蔬菜额外成本的承担意愿显著高于低家庭农业收入的农户,家庭农业收入变量对增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜和经政府专业机构检验认证的可追溯蔬菜的额外成本承担意愿没有显著影响。

    基于上述研究结论,本文得出的政策建议是:①蔬菜可追溯体系的实施与推广是个循序渐进的过程,目前,农户对基本可追溯蔬菜额外成本承担水平高于更高级的增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜,因而可以借鉴美国和澳大利亚的经验,首先推动实施初级蔬菜可追溯体系,如本文中的基本可追溯蔬菜,随后逐渐选择年龄较轻、学历较高、蔬菜种植规模较大、参与农业企业或专业合作组织的农户实施更高级的蔬菜可追溯体系,如本文中的增加“父母”信息的可追溯蔬菜。②在蔬菜可追溯体系推广的过程中,农户记录的可追溯信息是否需要经过政府专业机构的检验认证,由农户根据成本与收益的考虑自行选择,可以增加蔬菜可追溯体系的普及率。③推进种植方式转变,提高规模化生产。加强示范种植基地的建设,积极扶持一批标准化的种植基地,通过示范和政策扶持,引导蔬菜种植散户向种植基地集中,提高规模化种植水平,提高规模效益。同时推进公司+农户,或者公司+农业合作组织+农户的形式,通过签订合同,保护农户生产可追溯蔬菜的收益。④加强教育和培训,提高农户的认知。一方面,通过教育和培训工作使农户更好的认知和理解蔬菜可追溯体系,减少农户的信息搜寻成本,增加农户的参与积极性,另一方面,通过教育培训提高农户对农药知识、无公害蔬菜、绿色蔬菜、有机蔬菜的认知,提高农药使用的安全性和效率,促进农户实施无公害、绿色或有机蔬菜等质量认证工作,进而增加农户参与蔬菜可追溯体系的几率。

    (编辑:刘呈庆)

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    [24]Banterle A, Stranieri S. The Consequences of Voluntary Traceability System for Supply Chain Relationships[J]. An Application of Transaction Cost Economics[J]. Food Policy, 2008, 33 (6): 560-569.

    [25]Abdulai A, Huffman WE. The Diffusion of New Agricultural Technologies: The Case of Crossbredcow Technology in Tanzania[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2005, 87 (3): 645-659.

    [26]Alene A D, Manyong V M. Farmertofarmer Technology Diffusion and Yield Variation among Adopters: The Case of Improved Cowpea in Northern Nigeria[J]. Agricultural Economics,2006, 35 (2): 203-211.

    [27]Chen S C, Chiu K K S, Chen H H, et al. A Reference Model of RFID Enabled Application for Traceability of Foods Production and Distribution[J]. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011, 22 (6):5192-5197.

    [28]Sodano V, Verneau F. Traceability and Food Safety: Public Choice and Private Incentives[R]. Working Paper 5/2003, Universitádegli Studi di Napoli Federico,2003, II:234-250.

    [29]Hobbs J E. A Transaction Cost Analysis of Quality, Traceability and Animal Welfare Issues in UK Beef Retailing[J]. British Food Journal, 1996, 98 (6): 16-26.

    [30]Barcellos J O J, Abicht A D, Brandao F S, et al. Consumer Perception of Brazilian Traced Beef[J]. Revista Brasileira De ZootecniaBrazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2012,41(3): 771-774 .

    [31]Giraud G, Amblard C. What Does Traceability Mean for Beef Meat Consumer?[J]. Food Science, 2009, 23(1): 40-46.

    [32]Pouliot S, Sumner D A. Traceability, Liability and Incentives for Food Safety and Quality[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2008,90(1): 15-27.

    [33]Narrod C, Roy D, Okello J, et al. Public Private Partnerships and Collective Action in High Value Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chains[J]. Food Policy, 2009, 34 (1) :8-15.

    [34]李辉,傅泽田,付骁,等. 基于Web的蔬菜可追溯系统的设计与实现[J].江苏农业学报,2008,(5):36-38.[Li Hui, Fu Zetian, Fu Xiao, et al. Design and Implementation of Vegetable Traceability System Based on Web[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008,(5): 36-38.]

    [35]毕然.基于Web的果蔬质量安全可追溯系统[EB/OL].[2013-3-11]. http://www.worlduc.com/blog2012.aspx?bid=14707526. [Vegetable Traceability System Based on Web [EB/OL]. [2013-3-11]. http://www.worlduc.com/blog2012.aspx?bid=14707526.]

    Study on Farmers Willingness to Bear Additional Cost for

    Traceable Agriculture Production

    XU Lingling1,2LIU Xiaolin1,2YING Ruiyao3

    (1.Jiangsu Province Research Base of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

    2.School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

    3.School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210005, China)

    AbstractThe farmers are the source of production of safe agricultural production. Farmers that participate in traceability will increase the additional cost of production. Therefore, farmers awareness of the traceability of agricultural products and willingness to bear additional production cost are the key factors. We investigate farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three different types of traceable vegetable, namely ‘basic traceable vegetables, ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables and ‘traceable vegetables with all information certified by government professional organizations through a questionnaire survey of 446 vegetable planting farmers. We apply Multivariate Probit Model(MVP)to estimate the main factors which affect farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three types of traceable vegetable. The results showed that, farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three types of traceable vegetable are not higher than 2.41%, 2.18% and 3.34% of the total cost respectively. Farmers recognition and willingness to bear additional cost for ‘basic traceable vegetables is higher than the level of more advanced ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables. The additional cost which farmers are willing to bear for ‘traceable vegetables with all information certified by government professional organizations is the highest one. Education degree, vegetable planting scale, and degree of vertical integration are the same significant factors. Farmers age, family farm income, cognition of vegetable traceability system , and whether implement pollutionfree, green or organic vegetable certification have varying degrees of significant effect on farmers willingness to bear additional cost for traceable vegetable. Our result shows that, we should first promote the popularization of primary vegetable traceability system (such as the ‘basic traceable vegetables), and then gradually choose younger farmers with higher education, larger vegetable growing areas, participate in agricultural enterprises or specialized cooperative organizations to implement more advanced vegetable traceability system (such as the ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables). Farmers will decide whether traceability information needs to be certified by the government organizations or not according to their production cost and benefit. And it will increase the rate of farmers participation in vegetable traceability system.

    Key wordsfarmer; vegetable; traceability system; additional cost; willingness to bear

    [26]Alene A D, Manyong V M. Farmertofarmer Technology Diffusion and Yield Variation among Adopters: The Case of Improved Cowpea in Northern Nigeria[J]. Agricultural Economics,2006, 35 (2): 203-211.

    [27]Chen S C, Chiu K K S, Chen H H, et al. A Reference Model of RFID Enabled Application for Traceability of Foods Production and Distribution[J]. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011, 22 (6):5192-5197.

    [28]Sodano V, Verneau F. Traceability and Food Safety: Public Choice and Private Incentives[R]. Working Paper 5/2003, Universitádegli Studi di Napoli Federico,2003, II:234-250.

    [29]Hobbs J E. A Transaction Cost Analysis of Quality, Traceability and Animal Welfare Issues in UK Beef Retailing[J]. British Food Journal, 1996, 98 (6): 16-26.

    [30]Barcellos J O J, Abicht A D, Brandao F S, et al. Consumer Perception of Brazilian Traced Beef[J]. Revista Brasileira De ZootecniaBrazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2012,41(3): 771-774 .

    [31]Giraud G, Amblard C. What Does Traceability Mean for Beef Meat Consumer?[J]. Food Science, 2009, 23(1): 40-46.

    [32]Pouliot S, Sumner D A. Traceability, Liability and Incentives for Food Safety and Quality[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2008,90(1): 15-27.

    [33]Narrod C, Roy D, Okello J, et al. Public Private Partnerships and Collective Action in High Value Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chains[J]. Food Policy, 2009, 34 (1) :8-15.

    [34]李辉,傅泽田,付骁,等. 基于Web的蔬菜可追溯系统的设计与实现[J].江苏农业学报,2008,(5):36-38.[Li Hui, Fu Zetian, Fu Xiao, et al. Design and Implementation of Vegetable Traceability System Based on Web[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008,(5): 36-38.]

    [35]毕然.基于Web的果蔬质量安全可追溯系统[EB/OL].[2013-3-11]. http://www.worlduc.com/blog2012.aspx?bid=14707526. [Vegetable Traceability System Based on Web [EB/OL]. [2013-3-11]. http://www.worlduc.com/blog2012.aspx?bid=14707526.]

    Study on Farmers Willingness to Bear Additional Cost for

    Traceable Agriculture Production

    XU Lingling1,2LIU Xiaolin1,2YING Ruiyao3

    (1.Jiangsu Province Research Base of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

    2.School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

    3.School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210005, China)

    AbstractThe farmers are the source of production of safe agricultural production. Farmers that participate in traceability will increase the additional cost of production. Therefore, farmers awareness of the traceability of agricultural products and willingness to bear additional production cost are the key factors. We investigate farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three different types of traceable vegetable, namely ‘basic traceable vegetables, ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables and ‘traceable vegetables with all information certified by government professional organizations through a questionnaire survey of 446 vegetable planting farmers. We apply Multivariate Probit Model(MVP)to estimate the main factors which affect farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three types of traceable vegetable. The results showed that, farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three types of traceable vegetable are not higher than 2.41%, 2.18% and 3.34% of the total cost respectively. Farmers recognition and willingness to bear additional cost for ‘basic traceable vegetables is higher than the level of more advanced ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables. The additional cost which farmers are willing to bear for ‘traceable vegetables with all information certified by government professional organizations is the highest one. Education degree, vegetable planting scale, and degree of vertical integration are the same significant factors. Farmers age, family farm income, cognition of vegetable traceability system , and whether implement pollutionfree, green or organic vegetable certification have varying degrees of significant effect on farmers willingness to bear additional cost for traceable vegetable. Our result shows that, we should first promote the popularization of primary vegetable traceability system (such as the ‘basic traceable vegetables), and then gradually choose younger farmers with higher education, larger vegetable growing areas, participate in agricultural enterprises or specialized cooperative organizations to implement more advanced vegetable traceability system (such as the ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables). Farmers will decide whether traceability information needs to be certified by the government organizations or not according to their production cost and benefit. And it will increase the rate of farmers participation in vegetable traceability system.

    Key wordsfarmer; vegetable; traceability system; additional cost; willingness to bear

    [26]Alene A D, Manyong V M. Farmertofarmer Technology Diffusion and Yield Variation among Adopters: The Case of Improved Cowpea in Northern Nigeria[J]. Agricultural Economics,2006, 35 (2): 203-211.

    [27]Chen S C, Chiu K K S, Chen H H, et al. A Reference Model of RFID Enabled Application for Traceability of Foods Production and Distribution[J]. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011, 22 (6):5192-5197.

    [28]Sodano V, Verneau F. Traceability and Food Safety: Public Choice and Private Incentives[R]. Working Paper 5/2003, Universitádegli Studi di Napoli Federico,2003, II:234-250.

    [29]Hobbs J E. A Transaction Cost Analysis of Quality, Traceability and Animal Welfare Issues in UK Beef Retailing[J]. British Food Journal, 1996, 98 (6): 16-26.

    [30]Barcellos J O J, Abicht A D, Brandao F S, et al. Consumer Perception of Brazilian Traced Beef[J]. Revista Brasileira De ZootecniaBrazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2012,41(3): 771-774 .

    [31]Giraud G, Amblard C. What Does Traceability Mean for Beef Meat Consumer?[J]. Food Science, 2009, 23(1): 40-46.

    [32]Pouliot S, Sumner D A. Traceability, Liability and Incentives for Food Safety and Quality[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2008,90(1): 15-27.

    [33]Narrod C, Roy D, Okello J, et al. Public Private Partnerships and Collective Action in High Value Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chains[J]. Food Policy, 2009, 34 (1) :8-15.

    [34]李辉,傅泽田,付骁,等. 基于Web的蔬菜可追溯系统的设计与实现[J].江苏农业学报,2008,(5):36-38.[Li Hui, Fu Zetian, Fu Xiao, et al. Design and Implementation of Vegetable Traceability System Based on Web[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008,(5): 36-38.]

    [35]毕然.基于Web的果蔬质量安全可追溯系统[EB/OL].[2013-3-11]. http://www.worlduc.com/blog2012.aspx?bid=14707526. [Vegetable Traceability System Based on Web [EB/OL]. [2013-3-11]. http://www.worlduc.com/blog2012.aspx?bid=14707526.]

    Study on Farmers Willingness to Bear Additional Cost for

    Traceable Agriculture Production

    XU Lingling1,2LIU Xiaolin1,2YING Ruiyao3

    (1.Jiangsu Province Research Base of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

    2.School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

    3.School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210005, China)

    AbstractThe farmers are the source of production of safe agricultural production. Farmers that participate in traceability will increase the additional cost of production. Therefore, farmers awareness of the traceability of agricultural products and willingness to bear additional production cost are the key factors. We investigate farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three different types of traceable vegetable, namely ‘basic traceable vegetables, ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables and ‘traceable vegetables with all information certified by government professional organizations through a questionnaire survey of 446 vegetable planting farmers. We apply Multivariate Probit Model(MVP)to estimate the main factors which affect farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three types of traceable vegetable. The results showed that, farmers willingness to bear additional cost of three types of traceable vegetable are not higher than 2.41%, 2.18% and 3.34% of the total cost respectively. Farmers recognition and willingness to bear additional cost for ‘basic traceable vegetables is higher than the level of more advanced ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables. The additional cost which farmers are willing to bear for ‘traceable vegetables with all information certified by government professional organizations is the highest one. Education degree, vegetable planting scale, and degree of vertical integration are the same significant factors. Farmers age, family farm income, cognition of vegetable traceability system , and whether implement pollutionfree, green or organic vegetable certification have varying degrees of significant effect on farmers willingness to bear additional cost for traceable vegetable. Our result shows that, we should first promote the popularization of primary vegetable traceability system (such as the ‘basic traceable vegetables), and then gradually choose younger farmers with higher education, larger vegetable growing areas, participate in agricultural enterprises or specialized cooperative organizations to implement more advanced vegetable traceability system (such as the ‘add parents information based on basic traceable vegetables). Farmers will decide whether traceability information needs to be certified by the government organizations or not according to their production cost and benefit. And it will increase the rate of farmers participation in vegetable traceability system.

    Key wordsfarmer; vegetable; traceability system; additional cost; willingness to bear

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