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标题 浅析人口老龄化对经济发展的影响
范文

    武康平++倪宣明++殷俊茹

    摘要随着我国步入老龄化社会,对老龄化问题的研究显得极为迫切和必要。本文主要在最优增长理论的框架下研究老龄经济,首先从学术角度给出老龄化率的定义,讨论老龄化率对经济增长和社会福利的影响,建立含老龄化率的RCK模型。此时平衡增长路径出现三种基本情形:老龄经济、常态经济与娃娃经济,但老龄经济情形会导致经济萎缩。为了使处于平衡增长路径中的经济系统能够容许老龄经济存在,本文引入技术进步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老龄化率存在,只要技术进步率高于老龄化率,老龄化带来的额外负担就能够被技术进步吸收,经济系统能够容许老龄经济存在,但与不考虑老龄化率的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率相对较低。解决老龄化问题离不开政府的参与,政府发挥着不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后讨论政府对老龄经济的影响。政府应积极发展老龄经济服务业,使得政府支出对家庭的效用函数发挥积极作用。积极发展老龄经济产业,使得政府支出对厂商的生产函数发挥积极作用。同时,努力使得政府支出对技术进步发挥积极作用。在一定条件下,与无政府的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率与社会福利可能会更高。

    关键词 老龄化率;老龄经济;平衡增长路径;社会福利

    中图分类号F061.4文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)12-0103-06doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412014

    老龄化指总人口中年轻人比例降低而老年人口比例上升的态势。国际上,通常认为当一个国家或地区60岁以上老年人口占人口总数的10%,或者65岁以上老年人口占人口总数的7%,这个国家或地区将进入老龄化社会。根据2011年公布的第六次全国人口普查结果,“60岁及以上人口占13.26%,比2000年人口普查上升2.93个百分点,其中65岁及以上人口占8.87%”,表明我国也已步入老龄化社会,而老龄化进程逐步加快,因此解决老龄化问题十分迫切。党的十八大报告明确指出“积极应对人口老龄化,大力发展老龄服务事业和产业”。

    老龄化问题的形成原因是多种多样的,但离不开人口的过快增长。新中国建立后,先后出现了三次“婴儿潮”。建国后,政府鼓励生育,引发了第一次“婴儿潮”,人口增长率接近300%,但由于经历战争等因素,人口基数少,绝对规模并不大。第二次“婴儿潮”始于1962年,高峰在1965年,并一直持续到1973年,人口出生率平均高达3.3%,10年人口出生近2.6亿人。这两次“婴儿潮”的群体已经或正在进入老龄群体,而且第二次“婴儿潮”将会使老龄化问题在未来几年进一步加剧,对我国经济影响深远。第三次“婴儿潮”是由第二次引发的,主要发生在1986-1990年间,由于实行计划生育政策,人口规模不如第二次增加得多。

    基于这一经济事实,本文在最优增长理论RCK模型的框架下研究老龄化问题。本文结构安排如下:第一部分为相关文献的研究综述;第二部分给出模型所需的基本假设,并建立含老龄化率的RCK模型;第三部分引入技术进步率进一步讨论老龄经济;第四部分讨论政府对老龄经济的作用;第五部分是本文的结论。

    1相关文献研究综述

    最优增长理论的奠基性工作由Ramsey[1]完成,Cass[2]和Koopman[3]发展和完善该模型,一般称为RamseyCassKoopman模型,简称为RCK模型,它是分析宏观经济很好的基点,后续研究中不断对RCK模型进行拓展。Sidrauski[4]在RCK模型中考虑货币政策,指出货币供应增加不影响长期的资本积累与消费水平,仅影响消费者的货币持有量,即货币政策超中性。Judd[5]借助Laplace变换,分析连续时间下参数改变对内生变量的短期影响与长期影响分析方法。Barro[6]将政府支出引入效用函数和生产函数,讨论最优税收,并比较极大化经济增长和极大化社会福利这两种情形下的最优税收政策。

    由于经典的RCK模型假设代表性家庭及代表性消费者是永远存在的,Samuelson[7]首先放宽这一假设,人只生活两期,即年轻人和年老人,在此基础上讨论货币对经济的作用。Diamond[8]在两期假设的基础上提出了世代交叠模型。Blanchard和Olivier [9]引入死亡率假设,由于存在一定的死亡概率,因此放宽了永远存在的这一假设。但是,这些模型都没有刻画出年龄结构的变化,没有引入老龄化这一因素。此外,经典的最优增长理论中一般假设“劳动人口占总人口比例为常数”,即劳动参与率为常数,Solow[10]认为劳动参与率是资本积累的函数,但并不影响经济系统的稳定,因此劳动参与率在最优增长理论中的研究被长期忽略。本文正是放宽这一假设,试图引入老龄化率这一变量,来研究老龄化对经济发展的影响。

    武康平等:浅析人口老龄化对经济发展的影响中国人口·资源与环境2014年第12期2含老龄化率的RCK模型

    2.1模型基本假设

    4.2政策建议

    从前面的分析可知,政府可以从以下三个方面对老龄经济发挥积极的作用。

    首先,积极发展老龄经济服务业,使得政府支出对家庭的效用函数发挥积极作用。例如,政府可以完善老年社会管理服务,广泛开展老年文化教育,加快老年社会服务的信息系统建设等,这样可以直接增加社会福利。

    其次,积极发展老龄经济产业,使得政府支出对厂商的生产函数发挥积极作用。例如,政府可以不断完善老龄经济产业相关的法律法规建设,提升老龄经济产业的竞争环境,引导民间资本参与,使得市场有序竞争,形成老龄产品的多层次供给体系,同时避免老龄产业资源的浪费,这与党的十八届三中全会强调的“核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用”的精神是一致的。

    最后,努力使得政府支出对技术进步率发挥积极作用。从前面的分析可知,技术进步率是决定人均产出的最关键因素,因此,若政府支出能够对技术进步率产生正向作用,显然能够提高平衡增长路径中人均产出的增长率。例如,政府可以利用税收减免优惠、专项补贴等政策引导企业积极进行自主创新,从而提高整个老龄经济产业的生产力。

    5结论

    本文首先从学术角度尝试给出老龄化率的定义,在最优增长理论RCK模型的框架下讨论老龄化率对经济增长和社会福利的影响,给出含老龄化率的RCK模型。此时平衡增长路径存在三种基本情形:老龄经济、常态经济与娃娃经济,但此时老龄经济情形会导致经济萎缩。

    为了使处于平衡增长路径的经济系统容许老龄经济的存在,本文引入技术进步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老龄化率存在,只要技术进步率高于老龄化率,老龄化带来的额外负担就能够被技术进步吸收,经济系统就能够容许老龄经济存在,但与不考虑老龄化率的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率相对较低。

    政府在老龄经济系统中发挥着不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后讨论了政府对老龄经济的影响。应积极发展老龄经济服务业,使得政府支出对家庭的效用函数发挥积极作用。积极发展老龄经济产业,使得政府支出对厂商的生产函数发挥积极作用。同时,努力使得政府支出对技术进步率发挥积极作用。在一定条件下,与无政府的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率与社会福利能够更高。

    (编辑:常勇)

    参考文献(References)

    [1]Ramsey F P. A Mathematical Theory of Saving[J]. The Economic Journal,1928, 38(152):543-559.

    [2]Cass D. Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32(3):233-240.

    [3]Koopmans T C. On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth[M]. The Econometric Approach to Development Planning, 1965, Amsterdam: North Holland.

    [4]Sidrauski M. Rational Choice and Patterns of Growth in a Monetary Economy[J]. American Economic Review, 1967, 57(2):534-44.

    [5]Judd K. An Alternatives to Steadystate Comparisons in Perfect Foresight Models[J]. Economics Letters, 1982, 10(1): 55-59.

    [6]Barro R J. Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(5):103-125.

    [7]Samuelson P A. An Exact ConsumptionLoan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1958, 66(6):467-482.

    [8]Diamond P. National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model[J]. American Economic Review, 1965, 55(5):1126-1150.

    [9]Blanchard O J. Debt, Deficits, and Finite Horizons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1985, 93(2):223-247.

    [10]Solow R M. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1956, 70(1):65-94.

    Influence of Population Aging on the Economic Development

    WU KangpingNI XuanmingYIN Junru

    (School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

    AbstractAs our country is stepping into aging society, the study of the aging problem is extremely urgent and necessary. The paper studies this problem on the framework of optimal growth theory mainly, gives the academic definition of the rate of population aging firstly, and discusses the effects of the rate on economic growth and social welfare. Then, the RCK model containing the rate of population aging is built. There are three basic cases in the balanced growth path: population aging economy, normal economy and children economy. However, the population aging economy will lead to contraction. In order to allow the existence of population aging economy in the balanced growth path, we need to introduce the assumption of technology progress rate. In modified RCK model, as long as the technology progress rate is higher than the rate of aging, the extra burden of aging can be eased by technological progress, but the growth rate of per capita output is lower than the rate in normal economy. Also, the problem cannot be solved without the participation of the government for the government plays an indispensable role. The paper then discusses the effects of government in modified RCK model. The government can actively develop the aging services, and affect the utility function of families by government spending. She can actively develop the aging industry, and affect the production function of enterprises. Meanwhile, she can try to play a positive role in technological progress. Under certain conditions, the growth rate of per capita output can be higher comparing with the economy without government, and social welfare will get longterm development.

    Key wordsrate of population aging; population aging economy; balanced growth path; social wealfare

    5结论

    本文首先从学术角度尝试给出老龄化率的定义,在最优增长理论RCK模型的框架下讨论老龄化率对经济增长和社会福利的影响,给出含老龄化率的RCK模型。此时平衡增长路径存在三种基本情形:老龄经济、常态经济与娃娃经济,但此时老龄经济情形会导致经济萎缩。

    为了使处于平衡增长路径的经济系统容许老龄经济的存在,本文引入技术进步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老龄化率存在,只要技术进步率高于老龄化率,老龄化带来的额外负担就能够被技术进步吸收,经济系统就能够容许老龄经济存在,但与不考虑老龄化率的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率相对较低。

    政府在老龄经济系统中发挥着不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后讨论了政府对老龄经济的影响。应积极发展老龄经济服务业,使得政府支出对家庭的效用函数发挥积极作用。积极发展老龄经济产业,使得政府支出对厂商的生产函数发挥积极作用。同时,努力使得政府支出对技术进步率发挥积极作用。在一定条件下,与无政府的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率与社会福利能够更高。

    (编辑:常勇)

    参考文献(References)

    [1]Ramsey F P. A Mathematical Theory of Saving[J]. The Economic Journal,1928, 38(152):543-559.

    [2]Cass D. Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32(3):233-240.

    [3]Koopmans T C. On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth[M]. The Econometric Approach to Development Planning, 1965, Amsterdam: North Holland.

    [4]Sidrauski M. Rational Choice and Patterns of Growth in a Monetary Economy[J]. American Economic Review, 1967, 57(2):534-44.

    [5]Judd K. An Alternatives to Steadystate Comparisons in Perfect Foresight Models[J]. Economics Letters, 1982, 10(1): 55-59.

    [6]Barro R J. Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(5):103-125.

    [7]Samuelson P A. An Exact ConsumptionLoan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1958, 66(6):467-482.

    [8]Diamond P. National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model[J]. American Economic Review, 1965, 55(5):1126-1150.

    [9]Blanchard O J. Debt, Deficits, and Finite Horizons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1985, 93(2):223-247.

    [10]Solow R M. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1956, 70(1):65-94.

    Influence of Population Aging on the Economic Development

    WU KangpingNI XuanmingYIN Junru

    (School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

    AbstractAs our country is stepping into aging society, the study of the aging problem is extremely urgent and necessary. The paper studies this problem on the framework of optimal growth theory mainly, gives the academic definition of the rate of population aging firstly, and discusses the effects of the rate on economic growth and social welfare. Then, the RCK model containing the rate of population aging is built. There are three basic cases in the balanced growth path: population aging economy, normal economy and children economy. However, the population aging economy will lead to contraction. In order to allow the existence of population aging economy in the balanced growth path, we need to introduce the assumption of technology progress rate. In modified RCK model, as long as the technology progress rate is higher than the rate of aging, the extra burden of aging can be eased by technological progress, but the growth rate of per capita output is lower than the rate in normal economy. Also, the problem cannot be solved without the participation of the government for the government plays an indispensable role. The paper then discusses the effects of government in modified RCK model. The government can actively develop the aging services, and affect the utility function of families by government spending. She can actively develop the aging industry, and affect the production function of enterprises. Meanwhile, she can try to play a positive role in technological progress. Under certain conditions, the growth rate of per capita output can be higher comparing with the economy without government, and social welfare will get longterm development.

    Key wordsrate of population aging; population aging economy; balanced growth path; social wealfare

    5结论

    本文首先从学术角度尝试给出老龄化率的定义,在最优增长理论RCK模型的框架下讨论老龄化率对经济增长和社会福利的影响,给出含老龄化率的RCK模型。此时平衡增长路径存在三种基本情形:老龄经济、常态经济与娃娃经济,但此时老龄经济情形会导致经济萎缩。

    为了使处于平衡增长路径的经济系统容许老龄经济的存在,本文引入技术进步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老龄化率存在,只要技术进步率高于老龄化率,老龄化带来的额外负担就能够被技术进步吸收,经济系统就能够容许老龄经济存在,但与不考虑老龄化率的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率相对较低。

    政府在老龄经济系统中发挥着不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后讨论了政府对老龄经济的影响。应积极发展老龄经济服务业,使得政府支出对家庭的效用函数发挥积极作用。积极发展老龄经济产业,使得政府支出对厂商的生产函数发挥积极作用。同时,努力使得政府支出对技术进步率发挥积极作用。在一定条件下,与无政府的经济系统相比,平衡增长路径中的人均产出增长率与社会福利能够更高。

    (编辑:常勇)

    参考文献(References)

    [1]Ramsey F P. A Mathematical Theory of Saving[J]. The Economic Journal,1928, 38(152):543-559.

    [2]Cass D. Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32(3):233-240.

    [3]Koopmans T C. On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth[M]. The Econometric Approach to Development Planning, 1965, Amsterdam: North Holland.

    [4]Sidrauski M. Rational Choice and Patterns of Growth in a Monetary Economy[J]. American Economic Review, 1967, 57(2):534-44.

    [5]Judd K. An Alternatives to Steadystate Comparisons in Perfect Foresight Models[J]. Economics Letters, 1982, 10(1): 55-59.

    [6]Barro R J. Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(5):103-125.

    [7]Samuelson P A. An Exact ConsumptionLoan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1958, 66(6):467-482.

    [8]Diamond P. National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model[J]. American Economic Review, 1965, 55(5):1126-1150.

    [9]Blanchard O J. Debt, Deficits, and Finite Horizons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1985, 93(2):223-247.

    [10]Solow R M. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1956, 70(1):65-94.

    Influence of Population Aging on the Economic Development

    WU KangpingNI XuanmingYIN Junru

    (School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

    AbstractAs our country is stepping into aging society, the study of the aging problem is extremely urgent and necessary. The paper studies this problem on the framework of optimal growth theory mainly, gives the academic definition of the rate of population aging firstly, and discusses the effects of the rate on economic growth and social welfare. Then, the RCK model containing the rate of population aging is built. There are three basic cases in the balanced growth path: population aging economy, normal economy and children economy. However, the population aging economy will lead to contraction. In order to allow the existence of population aging economy in the balanced growth path, we need to introduce the assumption of technology progress rate. In modified RCK model, as long as the technology progress rate is higher than the rate of aging, the extra burden of aging can be eased by technological progress, but the growth rate of per capita output is lower than the rate in normal economy. Also, the problem cannot be solved without the participation of the government for the government plays an indispensable role. The paper then discusses the effects of government in modified RCK model. The government can actively develop the aging services, and affect the utility function of families by government spending. She can actively develop the aging industry, and affect the production function of enterprises. Meanwhile, she can try to play a positive role in technological progress. Under certain conditions, the growth rate of per capita output can be higher comparing with the economy without government, and social welfare will get longterm development.

    Key wordsrate of population aging; population aging economy; balanced growth path; social wealfare

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