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标题 社会发展、地理条件与边疆农村贫困
范文

    黄国勇++张敏++秦波

    摘要区域贫困是世界各国贫困问题的新特征,在我国农村贫困现象主要表现在连片特困区的形成和发展,尤其是边疆地区农村贫困在地理和人口的分布上更加突出,就其产生的维度而言主要体现在社会发展落后与地理条件恶劣两大方面,边疆地区特别是与外界接壤区域社会、经济、人口等背景尤其复杂,使得边疆农村社会发展、地理条件与贫困发生的理论研究和我国当前统筹区域发展、城乡发展的时代特征密切相连。当前中外研究区域农村贫困的文献较多,从内容角度来看更多的是割裂区域社会发展与地理条件之间的联系,从研究方法上看主要偏重于整体定量分析,本文通过2006-2012年新疆边境贫困县社会、经济发展和自然地理条件的面板数据,采取面板分位数条件回归方法研究社会、经济发展和自然地理因素如何影响边境县市农民收入水平和农村贫困发生,研究结果显示:①模型整体分析表明,一线居民守边、农业产值比重等社会发展因素对农民增收和减贫都有显著作用,教育年限、扶贫资金因素显著减缓农村的贫困。平均海拔、人均林地和矿产资源等地理条件因素显著影响农民收入和农村贫困,但作用方向不完全一致。②不同分位数点回归分析表明,不同分位数点各因素作用的力度不同,譬如扶贫资金在0.75,0.9高分位点对贫困程度较深的地区对贫困减少的作用更大,以及在经济相对发达地区矿产资源开发减贫效应更显著。③从社会发展和地理条件两大维度结合上分析,社会发展可以一定程度上降低甚至消除区域不利地理条件的贫困效应。为此本文提出边疆农村的脱贫工作要因地制宜和有针对性,避免盲目性和一刀切,从而跳出“扶贫陷阱”的怪圈。

    关键词贫困;社会发展;地理条件;分位数回归;边境贫困县

    中图分类号F127.8文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)12-0138-09doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.019

    人类社会发展过程中,贫困问题始终相伴,各国政府从理论与实践上进行了艰苦探索,2002年消除贫困被联合国制定为人类“千年发展目标”之一。而广义上的环境概念包括自然与社会环境:即人们生产资料和劳动对象的自然条件如土地、气候、水资源和生物等,以及人类社会发展所需要的政治、经济、文化关系的总和,由此,纳尔逊、纳克斯等学者从自然资源禀赋与贫困发生相关性上进行了研究。但是,经济学家仍然把研究贫困的视角焦聚在某个地区社会、经济的政策与战略上,重点分析资本、人口、制度、政策等社会、经济因素。后来,发展经济学提出了财产获得途径理论:证实了自然环境、资源分布、地理区位也是贫困发生的影响因素。这时,有学者提出了“地理环境决定论”,显然这种简单地把一个国家、地区居民的性格特点、经济水平甚至社会地位都归结于该地区地理、气候条件的观点同样也不科学。然而现实中也不能无视地理环境和贫困问题的联系,国务院扶贫办在《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2001-2010年)》中期报告中指出:我国当前贫困地理呈点(17.8万个贫困村)、片(特性贫困片)以及线(边境贫困线)并存的局面,中、西“两片”中的革命老区、民族地区、边境地区以及贫困山区等,贫困居民高度集中。当前,我国正大力、全面建设小康社会,和谐、富裕的社会主义新农村是其重要的内容,人与自然、人与社会的和谐发展关键就是要改变重点区域农村、农民的贫困现状,这对于统筹我国区域发展、城乡发展具有重大的社会意义。

    1分析框架1.1文献回顾

    贫困发生的自然地理环境分析最早出现在上世纪50年代,早期的空间经济学家哈里斯与缪尔达尔就指出落后发达地区的贫困和地理位置有一定联系[1]。后来学者在融合发展经济学和经济地理学基础上提出了空间贫困理论[2],同时,相关文献通过实证分析证明了农村贫困家庭收入增长过程中“地理资本”因素的影响是显著的[3]。西方学者还通过世界上不同类型国家来验证贫困的自然地理因素,既有发达国家如美国,也包括发展中国家像印度、斯里兰卡等,研究结果都表明自然地理环境恶劣导致了各国贫困人口分布集中的空间贫困陷阱[4]。

    黄国勇等:社会发展、地理条件与边疆农村贫困中国人口·资源与环境2014年第12期当前我国学术界研究边境贫困社会发展、地理条件因素的文献相对较少,边境地区农村的贫困发生,社会、经济发展与恶劣的地理条件的共同作用是区域贫困的重要因素[5],通过西北地区贫困区域分布、人口分布状况与地理环境的脆弱度、脆弱带比较分析:表明西部地区农村贫困发生与环境的脆弱之间有着互为因果的联系[6]。通过分析甘肃2000-2006年51个贫困县面板数据发现:甘肃农村贫困发生地理条件因素不可忽视,同时,政府可以通过合理综合运用社会、经济扶贫策略来舒缓贫困[7]。

    综上所述,不仅要从宏观层面上探讨我国欠发达地区农村贫困问题,还要从微观角度,对贫困地区的自然地理、物质生产、人口素质以及社会经济发展策略实证分析。

    1.2边境县市人口收入水平和贫困发生的影响因素

    ①地理气候条件,包括县域平均海拔、无霜期以及受灾面积比重三个因素[8],平均海拔基本不变,属于基本地理条件,对于县域的气候等有着重要的影响,无霜期是重要的农业生产条件,其长短直接决定了农作物的生长期,自然灾害在边境县市农民的生产和生活中有很大的影响,特别是农民的收入水平,很多农户因为自然灾害重新返贫。②资源条件,包括水资源、土地资源、旅游资源、矿产资源等。其中,水资源包括年降水量和亩平均用水量,在新疆干旱区水资源是既是重要的农业生产资料,也是农民生活资料,即意味着农作物产量,也意味着农民生活质量。土地资源包括人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、人均草地面积以及年减少耕地面积四个方面,土地资源的构成是农业生产结构构成比例的重要依据,因地制宜是当地政府和农户发展规模农业、特色农业以及农业合作化经营的基本条件[9]。有学者研究认为土地的细分加速了土地退化,进一步导致贫困的发生[10]。旅游资源和矿产资源是新疆重要的特色资源,作为边境县市农民重要的劳动对象,是农民劳动力转移以及增收的重要途径[11]。③区位和交通条件, 包括距离最近城市距离、县域公路密度两个因素[12],区位条件连接着市场,是农民出售剩余农业产品获得收入的渠道,交通条件即连接市场,也接通教育、卫生、社会信息等,能大大降低农民获得财富的机会成本。④人口素质,包括少数民族人口比重、农民人均教育年限。世界贫困状况具有从地理分布到人口分布的特点,我国民族自治地区贫困人口占全国人口的比重从2004年的46.6%上升到2008年的52.5%,上升近6个百分点。少数民族人口在语言、教育水平上相对落后,严重影响了其脱贫进程。⑤经济发展,包括农业产值比重以及粮食种植比重两个因素[13],农业产值比重是边境县市产业分布结构的重要指标,即可用来衡量当地经济发展水平,也一定程度上反映了当地人口的经济状况。人均粮食占有量是边境县市农业种植构成的指标,粮食作物和经济作物种植的比例反映了边境县市农业发展的水平。⑥社会政策,包括农村人均扶贫资金和一线守边人口比重两个因素,随着国家对农村贫困问题的日益重视,各级政府机构的扶贫资金进一步加大,扶贫模式也不断变化[14]。同时,当前我国农村贫困分布状况呈现“县城—远郊区—偏远区”的特征,边境县市偏远区一线相当比重居民在生产的同时,还有守边的社会责任。⑦基础设施,包括通电、通电话村比重以及自来水受益比重三个因素。电力设施、通讯设施在农村居民的生产生活中扮演着生活资料,同时也是工业、三产业不可缺少的劳动资料,自来水受益的比重对于改善农村生活设施,增强农民身体素质有重要的促进作用。

    2数据和模型构建2.1数据的来源与变量解释

    本文数据来自国家发改委 “以工代赈” 援疆扶贫项目2013年调研资料,是一个总数为117个样本的平衡面板,资料来源还包括历年《新疆统计年鉴》、《新疆调查年鉴》,自治区政府扶贫办。运用的软件为Stata10与Eviews6.0。

    本文被解释变量借鉴曲玮的方法[7],选取边境县市农村贫困发生率与人均纯收入指标来描述,农民人均纯收入通过新疆农村消费品价格指数调整为2006年基准价,为了消除指标的不平稳性取常用对数,贫困发生率为边境农村农民人均纯收入水平低于平均收入线人口的古典概率。自变量确定依据上述分析选取了代表自然地理环境因素的13个变量以及社会经济发展因素的9个变量,2012年因变量与自变量的特征描叙见表1。

    2.2模型构建

    根据文章理论框架分析,建立如下面板理论模型:

    人均林地变量在最小二乘法回归中影响显著,同时方向为正向,说明了林业收入能够有效增加边境农民收入水平, 分位数回归参数值先升后降,表明边境县低收入农民比高收入农民更依靠林业进行增收。减少耕地变量对边境县农民收入在两种模型回归分析下都有负向影响,在低分位数0.1、0.25时影响显著,在分位数0.75水平时下降跳开,系数绝对值水平呈波状变化,说明了边境县低收入农民受到生态恶化的影响更大。

    OLS整体回归分析中,矿产资源变量对边境县农民收入有着负向的显著影响,同时,分位数回归分析也表明矿产资源对当前边境县农民收入影响为负,在高分位点0.5、0.75以及0.9下影响显著,符号为负,参数值变化趋势为不断下降,这表明资源开发是一把双刃剑,一方面对边境县低收入农民的收入影响不显著,即增收效果不明显,另一方面,对高收入断农民收入的影响为负向显著,而且越是高收入端影响越大。边境县生态地理条件本身就恶劣,虽然资源开发会增加一部分农民经济收入,反过来其对农业其他资源也产生长期的负面影响,从分位数回归参数值分析上看,对那些收入较高、也已脱贫农民的影响更大,显然资源盲目开发可能会出现得不偿失的局面。

    公路密度变量对边境县市农民人均收入影响正向显著,而且,分位数回归分析表明,自变量参数值呈两端高中间低变化趋势,在0.75分位点时影响显著,方向为正,说明边境县市农村收入较高群体受交通状况改善的影响更大,这就可能会出现越是贫困的地区,交通越落后,经济相对较好的地区交通设施改善的越快的现象。

    在社会经济发展自变量因素中,一线居民守边比重、农业产值比重、粮食种植比重、通电行政村比重、通电话村比重5个变量对农民收入有显著的影响。一线居民守边比重在OLS回归分析中显著而方向为负,虽然在分位数回归分析中不显著,同时,随着条件分布的分位数水平增加,参数的绝对值不断增加,表明边境县市农民的守边影响农民收入的增长,尤其是影响收入较高农民的增收。

    农业产值比重因素对平均收入水平的OLS回归分析中影响显著,但为负方向,表明边境县市产业结构中农业产值过大,农民增产不增收的现象仍存在。粮食种植比重在两种模型回归分析中都显著,而且方向都为正向,从分位数回归分析中可看出,回归系数先升后降,粮食种植比重的变化对条件分布低、高端水平影响较小,中端水平影响较大,表明种植结构的调整对中等规模的农户收入增加影响显著,规模小了效果不明显,农业又是劳动密集型产业,规模大了规模效益反而降低。

    边境县市农村基础设施建设变量都对农民收入影响显著,通电行政村比重变量在分位数回归中系数变化趋势也呈∩形,在0.5分位数达到峰值,表明电力设施对中等收入农民的增收促进作用要大于两端收入水平的农民。可能中等收入农民会有更多的愿望和资金利用电力设施从事农业或其他方面的生产。通电话村比重变量在分位数回归中影响显著,同时考察参数的变化可看出,在0.1分位数为峰值,通讯设施的完善对那些低收入农民影响更大。

    3.2.2农村贫困发生率影响因素分析

    相较于上述农民收入影响因素分析,平均海拔因素对边境县农民人均收入与贫困发生影响显著,并且方向为负。显然,海拨高度作为整体地理条件,决定了边境县市气候、降水、地形地貌、生产资源条件等其他自然地理状况,进而影响区域社会、经济的发展。

    降水量因素对收入水平的影响不明显,但正向显著影响边境县农民贫困率,从符号上看为负,方向上为正向,分位数回归分析参数值整体下降,表明了边境县越贫困的地区受降水影响越大,其农业生产主要还是依靠降水灌溉。同时,单靠降水灌溉的农业生产还是非常脆弱的,这也解释了降水量因素并不显著影响农民收入水平却影响农村贫困。同时,分位数回归显示可用水量因素不显著影响边境县农村的贫困发生率,可能是当前边境县农业生产灌溉基础发展水平很低,实施的区域还有待普及,分位数回归参数值变化上逐渐增加,显然边境县农业生产设施建设的正向显著影响还未表现出来。

    人均耕地因素在两种模型分析中都影响显著边境县农村贫困率发生,而且,作用的方向为负向,这和人均林地因素对边境县农村贫困影响结果方向上相反,人均耕地因素并不显著影响农民收入水平,这里考虑边境贫困县市具体地理条件,边境县贫困人口大都分布在高海拔山区,其在人均耕地资源上不具备比较优势,农村居民收入成分可能主要通过林业收入,同时,从分位数回归分析上看,参数值在0.5分位点最大,两端呈下降趋势,表明人均林地面积能整体上降低边境县农村贫困率的发生。

    旅游资源因素对边境农村贫困发生的影响不明显,分位数回归分析参数值的符号正负变化,在高分位点0.9处影响显著,中、低分位点影响不显著,这说明了边境县贫困率高的区域旅游资源开发的减贫效应不明显。分位数回归分析表明矿产资源因素农村减贫效应显著,而且方向为正向,分位数回归在0.5和0.75中、高分位点影响显著,这说明了边境县农村经济相对较好区域农村受矿产资源开发的影响较大,越是贫困较深区域农村资源开发减贫作用并不明显,显然资源开发比较有利于矿产资源较丰富、农村社会、经济发展相对较好的地区。总的来说矿产资源因素不显著影响边境县农民收入,但又能正向显著影响农村贫困状况,分析结果并不矛盾,显然政府可以运用转移支付手段降低农村贫困。

    在分位数回归分析中,城市距离区位因素在低分位点0.1处显著影响边境县农村贫困发生率,而且方向为正向,这表明了边境县农村贫困较深区域的居民地理区位离城市越远,同时,这些地区也是地形地貌条件、生产、交通、通讯等设施落后的地区,政府可以通过适当的地理区位改善,增加农民收入,降低农村贫困。

    社会经济发展因素中农民受教育年限、一线居民守边比重、农业产值比重、粮食种植比重、人均扶贫资金、通电、通电话村比重等7个变量对农村贫困发生率影响显著,人均受教育年限对农民收入增长不显著,但对农村贫困减少的影响在0.75分位数处正方向显著,同时,分位数回归的系数逐渐增大,表明教育对农村贫困减少的促进作用正逐渐明显。一线居民守边比重对农民收入增长负相关显著,但对农村贫困率的降低在0.9分位数处正向显著,而且,分位数回归系数呈递减趋势,表明边境县市稳定对农村经济较富裕地区贫困减少影响更大。

    农业产值比重对农民收入的增长是负相关,但对农村贫困率减少的作用仍是正向显著的,这表明边境县市农民经济收入仍是农业生产,增收效果虽不明显,但对农民脱离基本贫困的作用仍不可替代。粮食种植比重对农民增收、农村贫困的减少都有正向显著影响,分位数回归系数也显示,在条件分布高端大于平均值,表明在贫困程度深的地区,优化农业种植结构对农村贫困减少作用大于贫困程度较低的区域。

    农村人均扶贫资金对农村贫困减少的分位数回归系数呈正负波动,在0.5,0.75以及0.9分位点显著,同时表明扶贫资金在高分位数处即贫困程度较深的地区对贫困减少的作用更大。

    通电行政村比重变量在分位数回归分析中对农村贫困减少显著为正,在0.1分位点低于平均值,在中、高分位点高于平均值,且被解释变量值逐渐增加,表明通电对于贫困程度深的地区促进作用大于贫困相对较低的区域。通电话村比重对农民收入和农村贫困减少都有显著的正向影响,分位数回归系数整体趋势为∪形特征,表明通讯设施的完善对于贫困程度两端的区域影响更大,加强对农村贫困程度高地区的通讯建设投入是降低边境县市贫困发生率的有效途径。

    4讨论与政策含义

    本文以新疆17个边境县市为例,运用OLS与分位数回归实证分析了社会发展与地理条件对边疆农村贫困发生的影响,讨论与政策含义如下:

    (1)一定生产力基础和社会背景下,自然地理条件对农村贫困发生仍具有不可消除的影响。平均海拔显著负向影响边境县农民人均收入水平和农村贫困率,人均林地变量和矿产资源变量从不同方向显著影响边境县农民收入水平和贫困发生率,其中,人均林地因素正向显著影响边境县农民人均收入和贫困发生率。矿产资源开发则负向显著影响边境县农民人均收入,而正向显著影响农村贫困发生率。

    (2)本文以农民收入作为研究农村贫困的媒介,以自然地理环境对农民收入变化的影响进一步考察贫困发生的自然地理环境因素,发现恶劣地理条件对农村贫困发生作用不是一个简单的逻辑过程,用水量因素、耕地减少因素以及公路密度因素显著影响边境县人均收入而对贫困发生率影响不明显,地理条件因素中,降水量因素、人均耕地因素和城市距离地理区位因素只显著影响边境县农村贫困发生率。

    (3)研究自然地理环境的贫困效应不能脱离一定的社会经济发展背景,无霜期变量、受灾耕地比重变量并不显著影响边境县农民人均收入和农村贫困率,并非这两个因素对被解释变量就没有一点负向作用,只能是生产力发展和相关制度的完善使得某些自然地理环境因素的贫困效应不明显了。

    而且,社会、经济发展政策的增收减贫机制是在特定的自然地理环境下进行的,农民受教育年限、人均扶贫资金不能显著增加农民收入,但是能减缓农村的贫困,一线居民守边、农业产值比重、粮食种植比重、通电、通电话村比重等因素对农民增收和减贫都有显著作用,虽然社会、经济相关政策主观上都具有增收减贫的目的,但分位数回归分析显示:不同条件分布分位数水平下,自然地理条件的作用方向和力度都是不同的,譬如降水量因素显著的影响贫困程度高的区域,那些经济相对发达地区矿产资源开发减贫效应更显著。社会、经济政策在不同条件分布下的方向和效果也不同,譬如扶贫资金在高分位数处对贫困减少的作用更大。贫困的结局都相似,发生的原因各不同,这就要求我国贫困地区社会、经济发展政策的制定、实施要因地制宜和有针对性。

    (编辑:刘呈庆)

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    [8]周宏飞,张捷斌.新疆的水资源可利用量及其承载能力分析[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):746-757.[Zhou Hongfei,Zhang Jiebin.Analysis on the Volume of Available Water Resources and Its Carrying Capacity in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):756-757.]

    [9]宋周莺,刘卫东.西部地区产业结构优化路径分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(10):31-37.[Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong. A Study on Industry Structure Optimization of Western China under Emissionreduction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):31-37.]

    [10]韩峥.脆弱性与农村贫困[J].农业经济问题,2004,10(1):103-110.[Han Zhen.Vulnerability and Rural Poverty[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2004,10(1):103-110.]

    [11]Xu Min,Ye Baisheng,Zhao Qiudong.Estimation of Water Balance in the Source Region of the Yellow River Based on GRACE Satellite Data[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):384-395.

    [12]陈全功.空间贫困理论视角下民族地区扶贫问题[J].中南民族大学学报,2011,3(1):56-63.[Chen Quangong. Space Poverty Theory Perspective of the Poverty Alleviation in Ethnic Minority Areas[J].Journal of Central South University for Nationalities,2011,3(1):56-63.]

    [13]章元,许庆.农业增长对降低农村贫困真的更重要吗?[J].金融研究,2011,23(6):109-121.[Zhang Yuan,Xu Qing.Is Agricultural Growth Really More Important to Reduce Rural Poverty? [J].Finance Research, 2011, 23(6): 109-121.]

    [14]高梦滔,姚洋.农户收入差距的微观基础: 物质资本还是人力资本?[J].经济研究,2006,14(12):25-34.[Gao Mengtao,Yao Yang.Which Is the Main Reason for Income Inequality in Rural China:Physical Assets or Human Capital? [J].Economic Research,2006,14(12):25-34.]

    Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment in Arid Areas

    HUANG Guoyong1,2ZHANG Min1QIN Bo3

    (1. School of Economy and Trade,Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China;

    2. Department of Economy and Management,Bengbu College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;

    3. Development and Reform Commission of Xinjiang, Urumqi Xinjiang 830042, China)

    AbstractThe new feature on poverty around the world is regional poverty. The main phenomenon of rural poverty in China is the formation and development of the continuous extremely poor area. In less developed areas, especially in border areas of the countryside, there are lots of poor areas where a large number of people live. In terms of its dimensions,less low level of social development and bad geographical condition is the two mainly reason which have led to the rural poverty of frontier. In the border areas, especially those border areas neighbouring with the outside world, has complicated backgrounds such as society, economy, population, which make it more necessary to connect the research of poverty theory with characteristics of the times in which all of regions and urban and rural areas can gain development as a whole. Now there are lots of research literatures on regional rural poverty in the current China and overseas. From the content perspective, most of the researches on poverty severed the connection between the regional social development and geographical conditions, and also mainly focused on the overall quantitative analysis in research methods. In this article, with panel data of social and economic development and natural geographical conditions through 2006-2012 in Xinjiang border counties, we analyzes the social, economic development and natural geographical factors on how to affect the rural income level and poverty occurrence ratio by the quantile regression, and the results shows that:① Model analysis shows that social development factors such as the proportion of residents protecting the border, agricultural output value proportion, etc, has a significant effect to increase farmers income and poverty reduction, other factors such as years of education and poverty alleviation fund can also significantly reduce rural poverty. Geography factors such as average altitude, per capita forest land and mineral resources significantly affect farmers income and rural poverty in different impact directions. ② Quantile regression analysis of conditional probability shows that the effects of various factors are different at different points in quantile regression. For example, in 0.75, 0.9 quantiles, poverty alleviation fund has a more positive effect on poverty reduction in those areas severe poverty. Meanwhile, the exploitation of mineral resources for poverty reduction is more beneficial in those relatively developed areas. ③ Based on the combination of two dimensions of social development and geological conditions, to a certain extent, social development can reduce or even eliminate the poverty effects of adverse geographical condition. For this purpose, it is necessary for the poverty alleviation work in the rural areas of the border to adjust measures according to local conditions and make more targeted measures, avoid blindness and one size fits all and avoid the strange circle of ‘poverty trap.

    Key wordspoverty; social development; natural geographical environment; quantile regression; the border counties

    [6]程宝良,高丽.西部脆弱环境分布与贫困关系的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(2):198-202.[Cheng Baoliang,Gao Li.The Western Fragile Environment Distribution and Poor Relations Research[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,32(2):198-202.]

    [7]曲玮,涂勤,牛叔文.自然地理环境的贫困效应检验:自然地理条件对农村贫困影响的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2012,32(2):86-95.[Qu Wei,Tu Qin,Niu Shuwen.Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment:An Empirical Analysis of the Natural Geographical Conditions of Rural Poverty[J].Chinas Rural Economy,2012,32(2):86-95.]

    [8]周宏飞,张捷斌.新疆的水资源可利用量及其承载能力分析[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):746-757.[Zhou Hongfei,Zhang Jiebin.Analysis on the Volume of Available Water Resources and Its Carrying Capacity in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):756-757.]

    [9]宋周莺,刘卫东.西部地区产业结构优化路径分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(10):31-37.[Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong. A Study on Industry Structure Optimization of Western China under Emissionreduction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):31-37.]

    [10]韩峥.脆弱性与农村贫困[J].农业经济问题,2004,10(1):103-110.[Han Zhen.Vulnerability and Rural Poverty[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2004,10(1):103-110.]

    [11]Xu Min,Ye Baisheng,Zhao Qiudong.Estimation of Water Balance in the Source Region of the Yellow River Based on GRACE Satellite Data[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):384-395.

    [12]陈全功.空间贫困理论视角下民族地区扶贫问题[J].中南民族大学学报,2011,3(1):56-63.[Chen Quangong. Space Poverty Theory Perspective of the Poverty Alleviation in Ethnic Minority Areas[J].Journal of Central South University for Nationalities,2011,3(1):56-63.]

    [13]章元,许庆.农业增长对降低农村贫困真的更重要吗?[J].金融研究,2011,23(6):109-121.[Zhang Yuan,Xu Qing.Is Agricultural Growth Really More Important to Reduce Rural Poverty? [J].Finance Research, 2011, 23(6): 109-121.]

    [14]高梦滔,姚洋.农户收入差距的微观基础: 物质资本还是人力资本?[J].经济研究,2006,14(12):25-34.[Gao Mengtao,Yao Yang.Which Is the Main Reason for Income Inequality in Rural China:Physical Assets or Human Capital? [J].Economic Research,2006,14(12):25-34.]

    Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment in Arid Areas

    HUANG Guoyong1,2ZHANG Min1QIN Bo3

    (1. School of Economy and Trade,Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China;

    2. Department of Economy and Management,Bengbu College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;

    3. Development and Reform Commission of Xinjiang, Urumqi Xinjiang 830042, China)

    AbstractThe new feature on poverty around the world is regional poverty. The main phenomenon of rural poverty in China is the formation and development of the continuous extremely poor area. In less developed areas, especially in border areas of the countryside, there are lots of poor areas where a large number of people live. In terms of its dimensions,less low level of social development and bad geographical condition is the two mainly reason which have led to the rural poverty of frontier. In the border areas, especially those border areas neighbouring with the outside world, has complicated backgrounds such as society, economy, population, which make it more necessary to connect the research of poverty theory with characteristics of the times in which all of regions and urban and rural areas can gain development as a whole. Now there are lots of research literatures on regional rural poverty in the current China and overseas. From the content perspective, most of the researches on poverty severed the connection between the regional social development and geographical conditions, and also mainly focused on the overall quantitative analysis in research methods. In this article, with panel data of social and economic development and natural geographical conditions through 2006-2012 in Xinjiang border counties, we analyzes the social, economic development and natural geographical factors on how to affect the rural income level and poverty occurrence ratio by the quantile regression, and the results shows that:① Model analysis shows that social development factors such as the proportion of residents protecting the border, agricultural output value proportion, etc, has a significant effect to increase farmers income and poverty reduction, other factors such as years of education and poverty alleviation fund can also significantly reduce rural poverty. Geography factors such as average altitude, per capita forest land and mineral resources significantly affect farmers income and rural poverty in different impact directions. ② Quantile regression analysis of conditional probability shows that the effects of various factors are different at different points in quantile regression. For example, in 0.75, 0.9 quantiles, poverty alleviation fund has a more positive effect on poverty reduction in those areas severe poverty. Meanwhile, the exploitation of mineral resources for poverty reduction is more beneficial in those relatively developed areas. ③ Based on the combination of two dimensions of social development and geological conditions, to a certain extent, social development can reduce or even eliminate the poverty effects of adverse geographical condition. For this purpose, it is necessary for the poverty alleviation work in the rural areas of the border to adjust measures according to local conditions and make more targeted measures, avoid blindness and one size fits all and avoid the strange circle of ‘poverty trap.

    Key wordspoverty; social development; natural geographical environment; quantile regression; the border counties

    [6]程宝良,高丽.西部脆弱环境分布与贫困关系的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(2):198-202.[Cheng Baoliang,Gao Li.The Western Fragile Environment Distribution and Poor Relations Research[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,32(2):198-202.]

    [7]曲玮,涂勤,牛叔文.自然地理环境的贫困效应检验:自然地理条件对农村贫困影响的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2012,32(2):86-95.[Qu Wei,Tu Qin,Niu Shuwen.Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment:An Empirical Analysis of the Natural Geographical Conditions of Rural Poverty[J].Chinas Rural Economy,2012,32(2):86-95.]

    [8]周宏飞,张捷斌.新疆的水资源可利用量及其承载能力分析[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):746-757.[Zhou Hongfei,Zhang Jiebin.Analysis on the Volume of Available Water Resources and Its Carrying Capacity in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):756-757.]

    [9]宋周莺,刘卫东.西部地区产业结构优化路径分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(10):31-37.[Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong. A Study on Industry Structure Optimization of Western China under Emissionreduction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):31-37.]

    [10]韩峥.脆弱性与农村贫困[J].农业经济问题,2004,10(1):103-110.[Han Zhen.Vulnerability and Rural Poverty[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2004,10(1):103-110.]

    [11]Xu Min,Ye Baisheng,Zhao Qiudong.Estimation of Water Balance in the Source Region of the Yellow River Based on GRACE Satellite Data[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):384-395.

    [12]陈全功.空间贫困理论视角下民族地区扶贫问题[J].中南民族大学学报,2011,3(1):56-63.[Chen Quangong. Space Poverty Theory Perspective of the Poverty Alleviation in Ethnic Minority Areas[J].Journal of Central South University for Nationalities,2011,3(1):56-63.]

    [13]章元,许庆.农业增长对降低农村贫困真的更重要吗?[J].金融研究,2011,23(6):109-121.[Zhang Yuan,Xu Qing.Is Agricultural Growth Really More Important to Reduce Rural Poverty? [J].Finance Research, 2011, 23(6): 109-121.]

    [14]高梦滔,姚洋.农户收入差距的微观基础: 物质资本还是人力资本?[J].经济研究,2006,14(12):25-34.[Gao Mengtao,Yao Yang.Which Is the Main Reason for Income Inequality in Rural China:Physical Assets or Human Capital? [J].Economic Research,2006,14(12):25-34.]

    Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment in Arid Areas

    HUANG Guoyong1,2ZHANG Min1QIN Bo3

    (1. School of Economy and Trade,Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China;

    2. Department of Economy and Management,Bengbu College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;

    3. Development and Reform Commission of Xinjiang, Urumqi Xinjiang 830042, China)

    AbstractThe new feature on poverty around the world is regional poverty. The main phenomenon of rural poverty in China is the formation and development of the continuous extremely poor area. In less developed areas, especially in border areas of the countryside, there are lots of poor areas where a large number of people live. In terms of its dimensions,less low level of social development and bad geographical condition is the two mainly reason which have led to the rural poverty of frontier. In the border areas, especially those border areas neighbouring with the outside world, has complicated backgrounds such as society, economy, population, which make it more necessary to connect the research of poverty theory with characteristics of the times in which all of regions and urban and rural areas can gain development as a whole. Now there are lots of research literatures on regional rural poverty in the current China and overseas. From the content perspective, most of the researches on poverty severed the connection between the regional social development and geographical conditions, and also mainly focused on the overall quantitative analysis in research methods. In this article, with panel data of social and economic development and natural geographical conditions through 2006-2012 in Xinjiang border counties, we analyzes the social, economic development and natural geographical factors on how to affect the rural income level and poverty occurrence ratio by the quantile regression, and the results shows that:① Model analysis shows that social development factors such as the proportion of residents protecting the border, agricultural output value proportion, etc, has a significant effect to increase farmers income and poverty reduction, other factors such as years of education and poverty alleviation fund can also significantly reduce rural poverty. Geography factors such as average altitude, per capita forest land and mineral resources significantly affect farmers income and rural poverty in different impact directions. ② Quantile regression analysis of conditional probability shows that the effects of various factors are different at different points in quantile regression. For example, in 0.75, 0.9 quantiles, poverty alleviation fund has a more positive effect on poverty reduction in those areas severe poverty. Meanwhile, the exploitation of mineral resources for poverty reduction is more beneficial in those relatively developed areas. ③ Based on the combination of two dimensions of social development and geological conditions, to a certain extent, social development can reduce or even eliminate the poverty effects of adverse geographical condition. For this purpose, it is necessary for the poverty alleviation work in the rural areas of the border to adjust measures according to local conditions and make more targeted measures, avoid blindness and one size fits all and avoid the strange circle of ‘poverty trap.

    Key wordspoverty; social development; natural geographical environment; quantile regression; the border counties

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