超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术快速检测二甲基甲酰胺职业接触者血红蛋白中新型生物标志物

王春民 刘强 李建 徐波 米凯 程娟
摘要建立了二甲基甲酰胺(N,Ndimethyl formamide,DMF)职业接触者血红蛋白中N甲基氨甲酰加合物超高效液相色谱质谱联用(UPLC/MS/MS)快速检测方法。准确称取0.1 g 血红蛋白样品置于15 mL离心管中,加入40 μmol/L 3甲基异丁基海因(3methy5isobutylhydantion,MIH)内标溶液250 μL,再加入HCl醋酸(2∶1, V/V)溶液4.75 mL,振荡混匀3 min。将试管置于沸水浴中加热降解1 h,取出冷却。混匀后取200 μL到96孔板,加入600 μL1%甲酸乙腈溶液,混匀。控制真空泵压力,使样品在2~4 min流出。将净化后样品混匀转移到样品瓶,用UPLC/MS/MS检测N甲基氨甲酰加合物的降解产物3甲基异丙基乙内酸脲(3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin, MVH)。质谱采集方式为多反应监测模式,内标法定量。结果表明,MVH浓度在0.01~1.0 μmol/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999。空白人群血红蛋白MVH加标回收率为97.3%,相对标准偏差为1.7%,血红蛋白中MVH检出限为0.01 μmol/g。本方法能很好地应用于二甲基甲酰胺职业接触者血红蛋白中新型生物标志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物的快速、准确测定。
关键词超高效液相色谱质谱; 二甲基甲酰胺; N甲基氨甲酰加合物; 3甲基异丙基乙内酸脲; 生物标志物
1引言
N,N二甲基甲酰胺(N,Ndimethyl formamide, DMF),简称二甲基甲酰胺,是一种透明液体,能与水及大部分有机溶剂互溶,因其具有很强的溶解能力,又被称为“万能有机溶剂”,它是化学反应的常用溶剂\[1\]。作业场所DMF主要经呼吸道及皮肤进入机体,对肺脏、肝脏及肾脏等器官造成损害,严重者可导致死亡\[2,3\]。DMF已经成为我国工业中毒中常见的毒物之一。开展DMF生物标志物研究,尤其是接触标志物研究,对于预防和控制作业场所DMF中毒,保护劳动者的健康具有重要意义。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,DMF体内代谢产物异氰酸甲酯(Methylisocyanate,MIC)与血红蛋白相互作用形成的加合物N甲基氨甲酰加合物(Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct)可作为反映DMF职业暴露水平的生物标志物\[4~9\]。由于人体血液红细胞更新时间长达4个月,加合物一旦形成,在较长的时间内可维持相对稳定的水平。目前,关于血液中N甲基氨甲酰加合物的检测,可通过埃德曼降解法,将加合物降解为3甲基异丙基乙内酸脲(3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin,MVH),运用气相色谱质谱法、气相色谱法进行测定\[9,10\]。超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术应用于二甲基甲酰胺职业接触者血红蛋白中新型生物标志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物检测尚未有报道,本研究建立了DMF新型生物标志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物的测定方法,具有快速、高通量等优点。DMF职业暴露人群血红蛋白经埃德曼降解后生成MVH,用96孔板快速净化,超高效液相色谱质谱检测,以3甲基异丁基海因(3Methy5isobutylhydantion,MIH)为内标进行定量分析。DMF体内代谢及N甲基氨甲酰加合物埃德曼降解成MVH过程如图1所示。
[TS(]图1N,N二甲基甲酰胺代谢并降解成3甲基异丙基乙内酸脲
Fig.1Schemesfor the metabolization and degradation of N,Ndimethyl formamide (DMF) to 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH)[HT5][TS)]
2实验部分
2.1仪器与试剂
UPLCQuattro Micro超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪(美国Waters公司);Multi Reax振荡器(德国 Heidolph公司);HHS型电热恒温水浴锅(上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂);V700真空泵,V855真空控制系统(瑞士Buchi公司);Ostro 25 mg 96孔提取板,2 mL 96孔收集板,聚丙烯96孔板盖垫,96孔板真空提取装置(美国Waters公司)。
HCl(优级纯)、冰醋酸(分析纯)、甲酸(色谱纯)、乙腈(色谱纯)、MVH标准品(湖南化工研究院提供)、MIH标准品(湖南化工研究院提供),实验用水为超纯水。
2.2血红蛋白制备
用肝素抗凝的采血管收集血样5 mL,离心15 min,弃去血浆;用生理盐水洗红细胞两次,然后用1 mL蒸馏水在超声状态下裂解红细胞;缓慢加入15 mL预冷丙酮溶液(含有2% HCl);沉降蛋白离心5 min,弃去上清液,再用15 mL上述丙酮溶液清洗3次,最后用15 mL乙酸乙酯清洗,剩余物以氮气吹干。样品采集后及时处理成血红蛋白备用。
2.3样品处理
准确称取约0.1 g 血红蛋白置于15 mL离心管中,加入40 μmol/L MIH内标溶液250 μL,再加入盐酸醋酸(2∶1, V/V)溶液4.75 mL,振荡混匀3 min。将试管置于沸水浴中加热降解1 h(反应过程可能会产生气泡,小心操作),取出冷却。混匀后取200 μL到96孔板,加入600 μL 1%甲酸乙腈溶液,混匀。控制真空泵压力,使样品在2~4 min流出。将净化后样品混匀转移到样品瓶中待测。
2.4标准溶液配制
2.5色谱质谱条件
ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm);流动相为0.1%甲酸(A)和乙腈(B),流速0.25 mL/min,柱温35 ℃。采用梯度洗脱:0~3 min,90%~10% A;3~3.2 min,10% A;3.2~3.5 min,10%~90% A;3.5~4.0 min,90% A。进样量5 μL。
采用ES+电喷雾电离源模式,毛细管电压3.5 kV;萃取锥孔电压3.0 V;源温度120 ℃;脱溶剂温度380 ℃;脱溶剂气流速800 L/h;四极杆低(高)端分辨率13.0;检测方式为多反应监测扫描模式(MRM)。
3结果与讨论
3.1前处理过程
气相色谱质谱联用法检测时样品前处理过程采用酸降解、调节酸度、乙酸乙酯提取静置过夜、氮吹、定容等多个步骤,方法耗时长,前处理复杂\[10\]。为快速进行血红蛋白中MVH检测,前处理方法必须简单有效。用96孔板进行实验,将待测样品取样后加入内标并进行酸降解,取200 μL降解液到96孔板,加入600 μL 1%甲酸乙腈混匀后减压过板,收集滤出液并转移到样品瓶中待测。此法步骤少,可同时处理96个样品,提高了样品通量,符合快速检测要求。
DMF在人体内经过代谢形成中间产物,此时血红蛋白必须通过埃德曼降解法产生MVH,即沸水浴酸降解为必要步骤。比较酸降解后溶液和进一步调节pH值后, 溶液用96孔板处理,峰面积差异不大,但是经过酸度调节的样品过板后会析出沉淀,易堵住进样针和流路系统,故酸降解后不调节酸度较好。在此情况下,上样200 μL到96孔板,比较加入600 μL 1%甲酸乙腈和600 μL 5%氨化甲醇的降解效果,结果显示,
3.296孔板与固相萃取柱的比较
采用HLB固相萃取柱处理经埃德曼降解后的样品,洗脱液直接进入LC/MS/MS分析,并与经96孔板处理样品比较,样品图谱无明显差异。但检测大量样品时,过HLB固相萃取柱步骤复杂、耗时长、通量小、成本高,故选择96孔板进行样品净化。
3.3基质效应和内标法
降解后的血红蛋白基质复杂,经过净化去除磷脂蛋白等杂质,但进样后有离子抑制效应,且目标物降低显著。在相同条件下,连续进样(n=6),比较同浓度标准溶液与在空白人群基质加标并前处理的溶液。同样浓度不同基质的离子抑制情况如图2所示,离子抑制效应使得外标法不能准确定量,应选择内标法。由于MVH由MIC与缬氨酸合成,MIH由MIC与异亮氨酸合成,两者结构类似,物理化学性质接近,符合内标物的选择条件,故选择MIH作为MVH内标。
3.7样品测定
采集某企业DMF职业暴露人群血液样品441份,将血液样品按照2.2节及时制备成符合要求的血红蛋白,备用。将血红蛋白按照本法用96孔板前处理并以超高效液相色谱质谱联用仪检测,结果表明,对照人群血红蛋白样品中MVH均未检出。职业暴露人群根据岗位不同,在DMF中暴露程度不同,血红蛋白中MVH含量在0.01~0.18 μmol/g范围内,结果分布情况如图4所示。空白对照人群和DMF职业暴露人群新型生物标志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物降解产物MVH检测对比如图5所示。
4结论
通过96孔板净化,超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术快速检测DMF职业暴露人群血红蛋白中新型生物标志物,取样后前处理只需2 h左右,单个进样运行只需4 min。与已报道的方法相比,本方法方便快速,通量高,在进行大批量样品分析时,能准确及时检测,可以节省大量时间和人力财力。 本方法能准确、快速测定DMF职业接触者血红蛋白中新型生物标志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物。
References
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刘 泉, 杜 飞, 谭 亮, 王博维, 周亦武. 中国法医学杂志, 2009, 24(1): 60-61
4Ramachandran P K, Gandhe B R, Venkateswaran K S, Kaushik M P, Vijayaraghavan R, Agarwal G S, Gopalan N, Suryanarayana M V S, Shinde S K. J. Chromatogr. B, 1988, 426(2): 239-247
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6Kfferlein H U, Angerer J. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2001, 14(7): 833-840
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10WANG ChunMin, LIU Qiang, LI Jian, YAO JianHua, MI Kai, XU Bo, HUANG Lu. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
王春民, 刘 强, 李 建, 姚建华, 米 凯, 徐 波, 黄 路. 工业卫生与职业病, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
AbstractA rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct in Hemoglobin of workers exposed to N,Ndimethylformamide by ultra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). About 0.1 g of hemoglobin sample, 40 μmol/L of 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MIH) as the internal standard and 4.75 mL of HClacetic acid (2∶1, V/V) were added in the centrifuge tube, and mixed for 3 min. Then the tube was heated in boiling water bath for 1h. After cooling down, 200 μL of the mixture and 600 μL of formic acidacetonitrile (1%) were added into 96well extract plate. The vacuum pump pressure was controlled to make the sample collection elute within 2-4 min. The purified collection was transferred into the sample vial, and 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH) as degration product of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct was quantified by UPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by internal standard method. A good linear relationship was obtained in the MVH concentration range of 0.01-1.0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. The recovery of added MVH in the blank sample was 97.3% and the relative standard deviation was 1.7%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 μmol/g. This method was proved to be fast and efficient.
KeywordsUltra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry; N,NDimethylformamide; NMethylcarbamoyl adduct; 3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin; Biomarker
10WANG ChunMin, LIU Qiang, LI Jian, YAO JianHua, MI Kai, XU Bo, HUANG Lu. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
王春民, 刘 强, 李 建, 姚建华, 米 凯, 徐 波, 黄 路. 工业卫生与职业病, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
AbstractA rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct in Hemoglobin of workers exposed to N,Ndimethylformamide by ultra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). About 0.1 g of hemoglobin sample, 40 μmol/L of 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MIH) as the internal standard and 4.75 mL of HClacetic acid (2∶1, V/V) were added in the centrifuge tube, and mixed for 3 min. Then the tube was heated in boiling water bath for 1h. After cooling down, 200 μL of the mixture and 600 μL of formic acidacetonitrile (1%) were added into 96well extract plate. The vacuum pump pressure was controlled to make the sample collection elute within 2-4 min. The purified collection was transferred into the sample vial, and 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH) as degration product of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct was quantified by UPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by internal standard method. A good linear relationship was obtained in the MVH concentration range of 0.01-1.0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. The recovery of added MVH in the blank sample was 97.3% and the relative standard deviation was 1.7%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 μmol/g. This method was proved to be fast and efficient.
KeywordsUltra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry; N,NDimethylformamide; NMethylcarbamoyl adduct; 3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin; Biomarker
10WANG ChunMin, LIU Qiang, LI Jian, YAO JianHua, MI Kai, XU Bo, HUANG Lu. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
王春民, 刘 强, 李 建, 姚建华, 米 凯, 徐 波, 黄 路. 工业卫生与职业病, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
AbstractA rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct in Hemoglobin of workers exposed to N,Ndimethylformamide by ultra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). About 0.1 g of hemoglobin sample, 40 μmol/L of 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MIH) as the internal standard and 4.75 mL of HClacetic acid (2∶1, V/V) were added in the centrifuge tube, and mixed for 3 min. Then the tube was heated in boiling water bath for 1h. After cooling down, 200 μL of the mixture and 600 μL of formic acidacetonitrile (1%) were added into 96well extract plate. The vacuum pump pressure was controlled to make the sample collection elute within 2-4 min. The purified collection was transferred into the sample vial, and 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH) as degration product of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct was quantified by UPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by internal standard method. A good linear relationship was obtained in the MVH concentration range of 0.01-1.0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. The recovery of added MVH in the blank sample was 97.3% and the relative standard deviation was 1.7%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 μmol/g. This method was proved to be fast and efficient.
KeywordsUltra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry; N,NDimethylformamide; NMethylcarbamoyl adduct; 3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin; Biomarker
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