超低温溶剂提取全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱法测定卷烟主流烟气中有机酸成分
张权等
摘要建立了超低温溶剂提取结合全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱(GC×GCTOF/MS)测定卷烟主流烟气中有机酸类成分的方法。首先利用乙醚为提取溶剂的超低温溶剂提取装置对卷烟主流烟气进行捕集,然后将提取液通过液液萃取、N,O双(三甲基硅烷)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生化后,以DB1(30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm)为一维色谱柱、DBwax(1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm)为二维色谱柱组成的柱系统对目标物进行分离,在调制周期为6 s、质量扫描范围为m/z 45~450的条件下,卷烟主流烟气中12种有机酸成分可以在58 min内得到准确的检测。实验结果表明,卷烟主流烟气中12种有机酸标准曲线相关系数R2>0.99,加标回收率为80.2%~107.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)的范围为0.4%~12.1%(n=5),方法检出限为1.3~24.5 μg/kg, 定量限为4.1~77.1 μg/kg。
1引言
复杂体系的成分分析一直是分析化学领域具有挑战性的难题之一,为此科研工作者做出了大量努力。卷烟烟气其组成相对复杂,其基质干扰往往会掩盖低浓度目标物信息,所以近年来也成为复杂体系的成分分析的热点方向\[1\]。目前,已鉴定的烟气中的成分及种类达7 357种,其中有机酸成分对于改善烟气品质具有重要作用\[2\]。卷烟烟气由气相成分和悬浮其中的粒相成分组成,在抽吸卷烟时,从滤嘴端吸出的烟气称为主流烟气\[3\]。分析主流烟气中有机酸组分的方法很多,大多是先利用吸烟机进行抽吸卷烟烟支,采用剑桥滤片捕集烟气粒相部分,溶剂捕集或低温冷阱捕集烟气气相部分,然后再结合一维气相色谱/质谱分别进行定性定量\[4,5\]。但是,由于吸烟机操作相对复杂,每次所耗烟支数量较多,且对主流烟气中气相物和粒相物不能同时进行富集,同时在检测时传统一维色谱峰容量有限、分辨率较低,对于卷烟主流烟气这种复杂成分会造成峰重叠严重,影响质谱定性及定量的准确性\[6,7\]。
本研究针对现有分析烟气成分技术中存在的不足进行改进,专门设计了一种超低温溶剂提取装置,在超低温状态下分离和富集卷烟主流烟气中的有机酸成分,在常温常压下解冻,使有机酸组分在低温态下直接溶解在提取溶剂中,既保证烟气中原有香气成分特征,又可对主流烟气中气相物和粒相物同时进行富集,结合全二维气相色谱飞行时间质谱分析,提高了目标组分定性及定量的准确性,而且前处理操作简单,分析时间短,适合于批量样品的多种香气成分同时分析。
超低温溶剂提取装置其特征在于:在提取容器(6)中装有提取溶剂(2),在液氮装置(7)中盛有液氮(3),在烟支接嘴处(1)装上烟支,并点燃,利用抽气装置(8)进行抽气,通过控制阀(4)调节抽吸速度, 进而控制烟支的燃吸速率,最终对卷烟燃吸时产生的主流烟气进行富集。2.2标准溶液的配制
将各标准品用二氯甲烷配制成标准储备液,准确移取适量的各标准储备液用二氯甲烷定容到50 mL, 得到有机酸混合标准工作溶液,摇匀后
Symbolm@@ 18 ℃冷藏保存,储备液中各有机酸浓度如表1所示。
2.3样品前处理
3结果与讨论
3.1卷烟主流烟气超低温溶剂提取与萃取分离的优化
3.1.1提取溶剂的选择考察了不同提取溶剂(乙醚、二氯甲烷)对主流烟气提取与捕集的影响, 以卷烟样品主流烟气经GC×GCTOF/MS分析的结果中可靠识别有机酸组分种类及含量为指标。结果表明,乙醚为比二氯甲烷提取的有机酸组分种类多26种,以12种有机酸标准样品进行定量分析时,乙醚比二氯甲烷提取的每种有机酸组分的峰体积大。
3.1.2萃取分离时pH值的选择利用13种有机酸混合标准样品(含内标)考察萃取分离时pH值(分别为0.33, 0.78, 1.49, 2.87, 4.32, 5.03, 6.38)对有机酸各组分定量结果的影响,以13种有机酸的峰体积之和及可检出的有机酸种类为指标(图2)。从图2可见,在萃取分离时,pH值对有机酸各组分定量分析有较大影响,只有在pH<1的强酸性环境中才能将有机酸组分从无机相完全萃取到有机相中,使得最终定量结果准确。
3.2有机酸成分衍生化条件的优化
卷烟主流烟气中有机酸定量分析结果的准确与否,关键在于有机酸衍生化的完全程度和样品前处理的准确性\[8\]。本实验选择BSTFA衍生试剂用量、衍生温度、衍生时间和衍生介质为主要影响因素,以12种有机酸总含量为指标,按照L16(45)正交实验设计优化有机酸类成分衍生化条件。
3.3与GC TOF/MS分离特性、灵敏度的比较
全二维气相色谱是将分离机理不同且互相独立的两根色谱柱以串联方式联接,由于从一维柱流出的组分经环形调制器冷凝聚焦后再次注入二维柱,色谱峰常只有100 ms,因此灵敏度较GCTOF/MS有大幅提高\[9~11\]。比较GCTOF/MS与GC×GCTOF/MS的灵敏度结果(表1)可知,被调制后的GC×GCTOF/MS信号比GCTOF/MS信号的灵敏度强6.1~41.8倍。通常,样品中的某些痕量组分在一维柱检测不到,能在二维柱上得到很好的信号。不仅如此,GC×GCTOF/MS更具有强大的分离特性,实验中13种有机酸组分可从烟气这类复杂基质中完全分离,有效解决了非待测组分的干扰,不仅使得定量结果准确,还避免了一维色谱中待测组分之间色谱峰分离不完全对检测结果产生的影响
3.4方法验证实验
3.4.1标准曲线及检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别吸取有机酸混标贮备液10, 25, 50, 100, 250和500 μL于色谱小瓶中,各加入5 μL反2己烯酸,用二氯甲烷定容至1 mL,经涡旋混合后得到6个不同浓度的混合标准溶液。以目标物定量离子与内标物定量离子的质量比为横坐标,以目标物定量离子与内标物定量离子的峰体积比为纵坐标。各组分的体积比(y)与质量比(x)具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数(R2)均大于0.99。以信噪比S/N=3确定本方法的检出限为1.3~24.5 μg/kg;以信噪比S/N=10确定本方法的定量限为4.1~77.1 μg/kg。具体结果见表3。
3.4.2加标回收率和精密度实验本实验采用标准加入法测定回收率。利用超低温溶剂提取装置进行卷烟主流烟气提取与富集(4支×4次),合并提取溶剂并充分摇匀,再将提取溶剂平均分成4份,记作1, 2, 3, 4号。其中将1号和2号溶剂的检测结果作为本底值,在3号和4号溶剂中分别添加100 μL的4#标准样品进行加标回收率考察,每个水平重复测定5次,其中添加100 μL的回收率为80.2%~107.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%~12.1%。杨 菁, 谢雯燕, 陈 磊, 吴 达, 刘百战, 杨 新, 顾文博. 分析测试学报, 2012, 31(3): 255-260
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14ZHU Shuai, GAO LiRong, ZHENG MingHui, LIU HuiMin, ZHANG Bing, LIU LiDan, WANG YiWen. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
朱 帅, 高丽荣, 郑明辉, 刘卉阂, 张 兵, 刘立丹, 王毅文. 分析测试学报, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
AbstractA new method for the determination of organic acids from mainstream cigarette smoke using ultra low temperature solvent extractioncomprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/timeofflight mass spectrometry(GC×GCTOF/MS)was established. The mainstream smoke was directly trapped by ethyl ether with ultra low temperature solvent extraction device, and cleaned up with liquidliquid extraction. The concentrated extracts were further derived by N,Obis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The good separation of silanized product was achieved by the column set of DB1 (30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm) as the 1st column and DBwax (1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm) as the 2nd column with modulation period of 6 s and scan range of m/z 45-450. The results showed that linearity correlation coefficients were larger than 0.99, and the average recoveries were between 80.17% and 107.81% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 0.4%-12.1% (n=5). The detection limit and the quantitation limit were 1.3-24.5 μg/kg and 4.1-77.1 μg/kg, respectively.
KeywordsComprehensive twodimensional gas chromatographytimeofflight mass spectrometry; Ultralow temperature solvent extraction; Cigarette; Mainstream smoke; Organic acids
14ZHU Shuai, GAO LiRong, ZHENG MingHui, LIU HuiMin, ZHANG Bing, LIU LiDan, WANG YiWen. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
朱 帅, 高丽荣, 郑明辉, 刘卉阂, 张 兵, 刘立丹, 王毅文. 分析测试学报, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
AbstractA new method for the determination of organic acids from mainstream cigarette smoke using ultra low temperature solvent extractioncomprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/timeofflight mass spectrometry(GC×GCTOF/MS)was established. The mainstream smoke was directly trapped by ethyl ether with ultra low temperature solvent extraction device, and cleaned up with liquidliquid extraction. The concentrated extracts were further derived by N,Obis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The good separation of silanized product was achieved by the column set of DB1 (30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm) as the 1st column and DBwax (1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm) as the 2nd column with modulation period of 6 s and scan range of m/z 45-450. The results showed that linearity correlation coefficients were larger than 0.99, and the average recoveries were between 80.17% and 107.81% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 0.4%-12.1% (n=5). The detection limit and the quantitation limit were 1.3-24.5 μg/kg and 4.1-77.1 μg/kg, respectively.
KeywordsComprehensive twodimensional gas chromatographytimeofflight mass spectrometry; Ultralow temperature solvent extraction; Cigarette; Mainstream smoke; Organic acids
14ZHU Shuai, GAO LiRong, ZHENG MingHui, LIU HuiMin, ZHANG Bing, LIU LiDan, WANG YiWen. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
朱 帅, 高丽荣, 郑明辉, 刘卉阂, 张 兵, 刘立丹, 王毅文. 分析测试学报, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
AbstractA new method for the determination of organic acids from mainstream cigarette smoke using ultra low temperature solvent extractioncomprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/timeofflight mass spectrometry(GC×GCTOF/MS)was established. The mainstream smoke was directly trapped by ethyl ether with ultra low temperature solvent extraction device, and cleaned up with liquidliquid extraction. The concentrated extracts were further derived by N,Obis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The good separation of silanized product was achieved by the column set of DB1 (30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm) as the 1st column and DBwax (1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm) as the 2nd column with modulation period of 6 s and scan range of m/z 45-450. The results showed that linearity correlation coefficients were larger than 0.99, and the average recoveries were between 80.17% and 107.81% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 0.4%-12.1% (n=5). The detection limit and the quantitation limit were 1.3-24.5 μg/kg and 4.1-77.1 μg/kg, respectively.
KeywordsComprehensive twodimensional gas chromatographytimeofflight mass spectrometry; Ultralow temperature solvent extraction; Cigarette; Mainstream smoke; Organic acids
摘要建立了超低温溶剂提取结合全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱(GC×GCTOF/MS)测定卷烟主流烟气中有机酸类成分的方法。首先利用乙醚为提取溶剂的超低温溶剂提取装置对卷烟主流烟气进行捕集,然后将提取液通过液液萃取、N,O双(三甲基硅烷)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生化后,以DB1(30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm)为一维色谱柱、DBwax(1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm)为二维色谱柱组成的柱系统对目标物进行分离,在调制周期为6 s、质量扫描范围为m/z 45~450的条件下,卷烟主流烟气中12种有机酸成分可以在58 min内得到准确的检测。实验结果表明,卷烟主流烟气中12种有机酸标准曲线相关系数R2>0.99,加标回收率为80.2%~107.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)的范围为0.4%~12.1%(n=5),方法检出限为1.3~24.5 μg/kg, 定量限为4.1~77.1 μg/kg。
1引言
复杂体系的成分分析一直是分析化学领域具有挑战性的难题之一,为此科研工作者做出了大量努力。卷烟烟气其组成相对复杂,其基质干扰往往会掩盖低浓度目标物信息,所以近年来也成为复杂体系的成分分析的热点方向\[1\]。目前,已鉴定的烟气中的成分及种类达7 357种,其中有机酸成分对于改善烟气品质具有重要作用\[2\]。卷烟烟气由气相成分和悬浮其中的粒相成分组成,在抽吸卷烟时,从滤嘴端吸出的烟气称为主流烟气\[3\]。分析主流烟气中有机酸组分的方法很多,大多是先利用吸烟机进行抽吸卷烟烟支,采用剑桥滤片捕集烟气粒相部分,溶剂捕集或低温冷阱捕集烟气气相部分,然后再结合一维气相色谱/质谱分别进行定性定量\[4,5\]。但是,由于吸烟机操作相对复杂,每次所耗烟支数量较多,且对主流烟气中气相物和粒相物不能同时进行富集,同时在检测时传统一维色谱峰容量有限、分辨率较低,对于卷烟主流烟气这种复杂成分会造成峰重叠严重,影响质谱定性及定量的准确性\[6,7\]。
本研究针对现有分析烟气成分技术中存在的不足进行改进,专门设计了一种超低温溶剂提取装置,在超低温状态下分离和富集卷烟主流烟气中的有机酸成分,在常温常压下解冻,使有机酸组分在低温态下直接溶解在提取溶剂中,既保证烟气中原有香气成分特征,又可对主流烟气中气相物和粒相物同时进行富集,结合全二维气相色谱飞行时间质谱分析,提高了目标组分定性及定量的准确性,而且前处理操作简单,分析时间短,适合于批量样品的多种香气成分同时分析。
超低温溶剂提取装置其特征在于:在提取容器(6)中装有提取溶剂(2),在液氮装置(7)中盛有液氮(3),在烟支接嘴处(1)装上烟支,并点燃,利用抽气装置(8)进行抽气,通过控制阀(4)调节抽吸速度, 进而控制烟支的燃吸速率,最终对卷烟燃吸时产生的主流烟气进行富集。2.2标准溶液的配制
将各标准品用二氯甲烷配制成标准储备液,准确移取适量的各标准储备液用二氯甲烷定容到50 mL, 得到有机酸混合标准工作溶液,摇匀后
Symbolm@@ 18 ℃冷藏保存,储备液中各有机酸浓度如表1所示。
2.3样品前处理
3结果与讨论
3.1卷烟主流烟气超低温溶剂提取与萃取分离的优化
3.1.1提取溶剂的选择考察了不同提取溶剂(乙醚、二氯甲烷)对主流烟气提取与捕集的影响, 以卷烟样品主流烟气经GC×GCTOF/MS分析的结果中可靠识别有机酸组分种类及含量为指标。结果表明,乙醚为比二氯甲烷提取的有机酸组分种类多26种,以12种有机酸标准样品进行定量分析时,乙醚比二氯甲烷提取的每种有机酸组分的峰体积大。
3.1.2萃取分离时pH值的选择利用13种有机酸混合标准样品(含内标)考察萃取分离时pH值(分别为0.33, 0.78, 1.49, 2.87, 4.32, 5.03, 6.38)对有机酸各组分定量结果的影响,以13种有机酸的峰体积之和及可检出的有机酸种类为指标(图2)。从图2可见,在萃取分离时,pH值对有机酸各组分定量分析有较大影响,只有在pH<1的强酸性环境中才能将有机酸组分从无机相完全萃取到有机相中,使得最终定量结果准确。
3.2有机酸成分衍生化条件的优化
卷烟主流烟气中有机酸定量分析结果的准确与否,关键在于有机酸衍生化的完全程度和样品前处理的准确性\[8\]。本实验选择BSTFA衍生试剂用量、衍生温度、衍生时间和衍生介质为主要影响因素,以12种有机酸总含量为指标,按照L16(45)正交实验设计优化有机酸类成分衍生化条件。
3.3与GC TOF/MS分离特性、灵敏度的比较
全二维气相色谱是将分离机理不同且互相独立的两根色谱柱以串联方式联接,由于从一维柱流出的组分经环形调制器冷凝聚焦后再次注入二维柱,色谱峰常只有100 ms,因此灵敏度较GCTOF/MS有大幅提高\[9~11\]。比较GCTOF/MS与GC×GCTOF/MS的灵敏度结果(表1)可知,被调制后的GC×GCTOF/MS信号比GCTOF/MS信号的灵敏度强6.1~41.8倍。通常,样品中的某些痕量组分在一维柱检测不到,能在二维柱上得到很好的信号。不仅如此,GC×GCTOF/MS更具有强大的分离特性,实验中13种有机酸组分可从烟气这类复杂基质中完全分离,有效解决了非待测组分的干扰,不仅使得定量结果准确,还避免了一维色谱中待测组分之间色谱峰分离不完全对检测结果产生的影响
3.4方法验证实验
3.4.1标准曲线及检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别吸取有机酸混标贮备液10, 25, 50, 100, 250和500 μL于色谱小瓶中,各加入5 μL反2己烯酸,用二氯甲烷定容至1 mL,经涡旋混合后得到6个不同浓度的混合标准溶液。以目标物定量离子与内标物定量离子的质量比为横坐标,以目标物定量离子与内标物定量离子的峰体积比为纵坐标。各组分的体积比(y)与质量比(x)具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数(R2)均大于0.99。以信噪比S/N=3确定本方法的检出限为1.3~24.5 μg/kg;以信噪比S/N=10确定本方法的定量限为4.1~77.1 μg/kg。具体结果见表3。
3.4.2加标回收率和精密度实验本实验采用标准加入法测定回收率。利用超低温溶剂提取装置进行卷烟主流烟气提取与富集(4支×4次),合并提取溶剂并充分摇匀,再将提取溶剂平均分成4份,记作1, 2, 3, 4号。其中将1号和2号溶剂的检测结果作为本底值,在3号和4号溶剂中分别添加100 μL的4#标准样品进行加标回收率考察,每个水平重复测定5次,其中添加100 μL的回收率为80.2%~107.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%~12.1%。杨 菁, 谢雯燕, 陈 磊, 吴 达, 刘百战, 杨 新, 顾文博. 分析测试学报, 2012, 31(3): 255-260
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14ZHU Shuai, GAO LiRong, ZHENG MingHui, LIU HuiMin, ZHANG Bing, LIU LiDan, WANG YiWen. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
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AbstractA new method for the determination of organic acids from mainstream cigarette smoke using ultra low temperature solvent extractioncomprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/timeofflight mass spectrometry(GC×GCTOF/MS)was established. The mainstream smoke was directly trapped by ethyl ether with ultra low temperature solvent extraction device, and cleaned up with liquidliquid extraction. The concentrated extracts were further derived by N,Obis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The good separation of silanized product was achieved by the column set of DB1 (30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm) as the 1st column and DBwax (1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm) as the 2nd column with modulation period of 6 s and scan range of m/z 45-450. The results showed that linearity correlation coefficients were larger than 0.99, and the average recoveries were between 80.17% and 107.81% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 0.4%-12.1% (n=5). The detection limit and the quantitation limit were 1.3-24.5 μg/kg and 4.1-77.1 μg/kg, respectively.
KeywordsComprehensive twodimensional gas chromatographytimeofflight mass spectrometry; Ultralow temperature solvent extraction; Cigarette; Mainstream smoke; Organic acids
14ZHU Shuai, GAO LiRong, ZHENG MingHui, LIU HuiMin, ZHANG Bing, LIU LiDan, WANG YiWen. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
朱 帅, 高丽荣, 郑明辉, 刘卉阂, 张 兵, 刘立丹, 王毅文. 分析测试学报, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
AbstractA new method for the determination of organic acids from mainstream cigarette smoke using ultra low temperature solvent extractioncomprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/timeofflight mass spectrometry(GC×GCTOF/MS)was established. The mainstream smoke was directly trapped by ethyl ether with ultra low temperature solvent extraction device, and cleaned up with liquidliquid extraction. The concentrated extracts were further derived by N,Obis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The good separation of silanized product was achieved by the column set of DB1 (30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm) as the 1st column and DBwax (1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm) as the 2nd column with modulation period of 6 s and scan range of m/z 45-450. The results showed that linearity correlation coefficients were larger than 0.99, and the average recoveries were between 80.17% and 107.81% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 0.4%-12.1% (n=5). The detection limit and the quantitation limit were 1.3-24.5 μg/kg and 4.1-77.1 μg/kg, respectively.
KeywordsComprehensive twodimensional gas chromatographytimeofflight mass spectrometry; Ultralow temperature solvent extraction; Cigarette; Mainstream smoke; Organic acids
14ZHU Shuai, GAO LiRong, ZHENG MingHui, LIU HuiMin, ZHANG Bing, LIU LiDan, WANG YiWen. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
朱 帅, 高丽荣, 郑明辉, 刘卉阂, 张 兵, 刘立丹, 王毅文. 分析测试学报, 2014, 33(3): 301-306
AbstractA new method for the determination of organic acids from mainstream cigarette smoke using ultra low temperature solvent extractioncomprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography/timeofflight mass spectrometry(GC×GCTOF/MS)was established. The mainstream smoke was directly trapped by ethyl ether with ultra low temperature solvent extraction device, and cleaned up with liquidliquid extraction. The concentrated extracts were further derived by N,Obis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The good separation of silanized product was achieved by the column set of DB1 (30 m × 0.25 mm, 1.0 μm) as the 1st column and DBwax (1.5 m × 0.1 mm, 0.1 μm) as the 2nd column with modulation period of 6 s and scan range of m/z 45-450. The results showed that linearity correlation coefficients were larger than 0.99, and the average recoveries were between 80.17% and 107.81% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 0.4%-12.1% (n=5). The detection limit and the quantitation limit were 1.3-24.5 μg/kg and 4.1-77.1 μg/kg, respectively.
KeywordsComprehensive twodimensional gas chromatographytimeofflight mass spectrometry; Ultralow temperature solvent extraction; Cigarette; Mainstream smoke; Organic acids