基于TI介质模型的沉积谷地对平面SH波的放大效应
巴振宁 张艳菊 梁建文
摘要: 在TI场地平面外动力刚度矩阵的基础上,推导出斜线均布荷载动力格林函数,进而以该格林函数为基本解建立间接边界元方法求解了沉积谷地对平面SH波的散射问题。文中验证了方法的正确性,并分别将沉积内部和外部介质考虑为TI介质,在频域和时域内进行了计算分析。研究表明:沉积TI参数的改变主要导致了沉积自身动力特性的改变,进而使得沉积表面位移幅值放大谱的峰值频率和谱值均发生明显改变;半空间TI参数的改变则导致了各方向上半空间与沉积阻抗比的改变,因而对放大谱的峰值频率影响较小,其影响主要体现在峰值大小上;另外,通过求解Ricker波输入下沉积附近观测点的位移幅值时程发现,沉积和半空间的TI参数亦对弹性波在含沉积半空间中的传播有着显著影响。
关键词: 平面SH波; 沉积谷地; 横观各向同性; 格林影响函数; 间接边界元
中图分类号: P315.3; TU443文献标志码: A文章编号: 10044523(2016)04066613
DOI:10.16385/j.cnki.issn.10044523.2016.04.014
引言
震害调查表明,局部地形对其附近的地震动有着显著影响,如1970年云南通海地震中,孤立凸起地形上的震害明显严重,其地震烈度是周围平地烈度的1.5~2.0倍[1]。1976年唐山大地震中,天津市古河道区域出现了许多震害异常区,古河道边缘到中心的房屋倒塌率高,而古河道周围震害较轻[2]。出于地震区划和工程抗震等工作的需要,近些年来局部地形对地震动影响一直是地震工程领域中的热点问题。
局部地形对地震动的影响问题,依据波动理论实质上是局部地形对地震波的散射问题。目前在单相弹性介质和两相饱和多孔介质中均已有较多研究,采用的理论研究方法包括解析方法和数值方法。解析法方面,Trifunac采用波函数法开创性地给出了弹性均匀半空间中半圆沉积谷地和半圆凹陷地形对SH波的散射解析解[34],此后文献[58]又进一步采用解析方法研究了弹性和饱和均匀半空间中各类局部地形对弹性波的散射问题。数值方法方面,文献[910]采用有限差分方法、文献[1112]采用有限元方法、文献[13]采用复变函数法、文献[1416]采用边界元方法研究了局部地形对地震动的影响问题。
值得指出的是以上研究均基于各向同性介质的假定,然而天然土体在沉积过程中表现出明显的各向异性,且研究表明土体的各向异性主要体现在水平和竖向弹性性质间的差异,将土体视为横观各向同性(TI)介质更为符合实际情况[1718]。所谓TI介质即为弹性体在水平面内为各向同性,但与竖直方向材料参数不同的介质模型,是各向异性介质的一种特殊形式。鉴于TI介质模型能够合理描述土体的各向异性且便于在工程中应用,将TI介质模型引入局部地形对地震波散射问题的研究,具有显著的理论意义和应用价值,遗憾的是局部地形地震效应研究在介质的各向异性方面还鲜有研究。据作者所知,仅有刘殿魁等[1921]采用复变函数法研究了各向异性均匀半空间中半圆凹陷、衬砌凹陷和多个半圆凹陷对SH波的散射问题。研究表明:各向异性的影响是明显的,凹陷表面的位移幅值比各向同性介质情况有着显著的增大。目前,基于TI介质模型的沉积谷地对地震波的散射研究,则仍未见报道。
因而,本文在文献[2223]求得TI层状场地刚度矩阵和SH波入射下自由场的基础上,推导了TI层状半空间中斜线均布荷载动力格林影响函数,进而将文献[15]给出的间接边界元方法拓展到TI层状介质情况,建立了基于TI层状介质模型的间接边界元方法,并具体求解了沉积谷地对SH波的散射问题。文中通过与各向同性半空间中结果的比较验证了方法的正确性,并以均匀半空间中沉积谷地为例,分别在频域和时域内进行了数值计算分析,得到了一些有益的结论。
Abstract: Soil shows obvious anisotropic characteristics due to the action of deposition. However, research on site seismic response by considering the soil as anisotropic medium has seldom been studied. Transversely isotropic (TI) medium model is the reasonable mechanical model to describe the anisotropy of soil and is very convenient for engineering application. So, it is of important academic significance and application value, to carry out research on complex site response by using the TI medium model. The green′s functions for uniform distributed loads acting on an inclined line is deduced based on the exact antiplane dynamic stiffness matrix, then the indirect boundary element method is proposed by using these green′s functions as fundamental solutions, and finally, the wave scattering problem of an alluvial valley for incident plane SH waves is studied. The method is verified and numerical calculations are performed both in the frequency and time domain by considering the medium of the alluvial valley and the halfspace as TI medium, respectively. Numerical results show that the variation of the TI parameters of the alluvial mainly leads to the change of the selfdynamic characters of the valley, and then leads to the significance change of the peak frequency and spectral value of the surface displacement amplitude amplification spectrum on the surface of the valley; the variation of the TI parameters of the halfspace leads to the change of the change of the impedance ratio along various directions, and it mainly affects the amplitudes of the amplification spectrum and has little effects on the peak frequency. In addition, the TI parameter of alluvial valley and the halfspace also has a significant effect on the wave propagation in valley and in the halfspace, through calculating the time histories of the displacement amplitude near the valley incident by the Ricker time histories.
Key words: SHwaves; alluvial valley; transversely isotropic; Green′s function; indirect boundary element